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Looking at the Earth from the far reaches of outer space, the Earth is a blue celestial body. The earth is covered by oceans, so we have to learnLiving in harmony with the ocean. And one of the ancient Chinese periodsEnemy of the seaThe policy also seemed to foreshadow the tragic fate of feudal society.
In 1559, Wang Zhi, a merchant of the Ming Dynasty, was executed. In the same year a man named Nurhachi was born, also in this yearElizabeth I was crowned Queen of EnglandBritain became the most powerful empire in Europe under her rule, and she was also called because of her connivance with the pirate syndicatePirate Queen.
Before Zhu Yuanzhang, we had never appearedMaritime ban policy,No matter how absurd or fearful of war the emperors of the Song Dynasty were, their economic consciousness was very advanced, and commercial taxes were the main source of national revenueImport & Export**。Compared with the economy of the Song Dynasty,Shang of the Ming DynastyTaxesThe annual income is only 1% of that of the Northern Song DynastyIt can be seen how developed the economy of the Song Dynasty was, and how backward the economy of the Ming Dynasty was.
The emperors of the Song Dynasty had a very rational attitude towards the economy, they did not prohibit overseas **, and sometimes they would particularly advocate and encourageThe Yuan Dynasty was based on the openness of the Great UnificationCompared with the Song Dynasty, it is more than equal, the most typical isIn the transportation of grain from the south to the north, a maritime policy was adopted
The political center of the Yuan Dynasty was in the north, but the economic center at that time was in the Jiangnan region, which also required the opening of the southern grain transportation project to send the grain produced in the south to the capitalCaoyun, that is, through the Grand Canal, but the Yuan Dynasty began to try shipping in 1282, and after more than ten years, it has found a route that is both economical, safe and fast, butWith the end of the Yuan Dynasty, so did maritime transport.
Although the Yuan Dynasty was short, but under the influence of shipping, the commodity economy of the Yuan Dynasty was extremely active, and some historians sighed that if they developed along this road, China at that time would become a maritime power in the world, and promote the process of primitive accumulation of capital, but history just made a joke here, and also turned a corner here, after the establishment of the Ming DynastyZhu Yuanzhang personally buried China's shipping route.
During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, he issued several orders prohibiting the sea, stipulating that sailing ships were not allowed to enter the sea, and the people were not allowed to sell imported goods, let alone transport items within the enclosed area to the territory, and if they were discovered, they would be killedplacetoHangingTarget.
Why did Zhu Yuanzhang prohibit the maritime ban policy so much? In fact, this is related to his idea of great unification, in the early Ming Dynasty, after Zhang Shicheng and others who originally occupied the anti-Yuan forces in Jiangnan were defeated by Zhu YuanzhangThe remnants fled to the sea, these anti-Ming forces at sea were characterized by the stateThe factor of instability,Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang tried his best to prohibit the people from passing through the sea, firstly, to isolate the reactionary forces, and secondly, to strengthen the centralization of power, but such a policy made the people make huge sacrifices.
Zhu Yuanzhang's maritime ban policy set a very bad example, and since then shipping has changed from prosperity to decline, and then the rulers have introduced itClosed off the countrypolicy. Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He has gone to the Western Ocean seven times, with great momentum, and we have always proudly said that the Chinese's shipping was a century earlier than Columbus and Magellan, but the real situation is not the case, we sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean not to develop the economy, but toProclaim the majesty of the dynastyIt is to serve the tributary system of the Ming DynastyThe political significance is clearly greater than the economic significance. In short, Zheng He went to the West to scatter money, and after scattering the money, he exchanged some treasures to deal with the emperor.
Fortunately, China's navigation technology and shipbuilding technology were world-leading at that time, which was entirely due to the development of the Song and Yuan dynasties, but now looking back at history, people find that Zheng He's trip to the West was a timeAn irreproducible back-to-light glow.
In the period of Ming Xianzong, the emperor once wanted to send someone to the West for the eighth time, and the squire of the military department at that time stood up against him and hid all the files of Zheng He's trip to the West. The soldier said to the emperor that the cost of Zheng He's trip to the West was too high, and the input and output were completely disproportionate.
By the Jiajing period, China's maritime ban had entered the strictest period in history, for the simple reason that this period appearedThe Wokou rebelled.
Looking back at the history of the world at the time of the maritime ban policy, it is not difficult to find that we have long been thrown off the track, and the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain in the 40s of the 17th century, which also marked the beginning of the official entry of the Western world into the bourgeois world. At this time, China completed a new round of dynastic changeThe Ming Dynasty fell, and the Qing Dynasty roseAfter the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, although it overthrew the rule of the dynasties, they inherited the blockade of the sea ban throughout the political system of the dynastiesCrack down on those who oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming DynastyPower.
100 years later, the Industrial Revolution broke out in Britain, which gave impetus to the take-off of the capitalist economy, and at the same time Qianlong ordered the closure of three coastal ports in 22 yearsOnly one treaty port in Guangzhou remained.
At a time when European countries continued to colonize overseas, many Asian countries became their colonies. And this is the Qianlong EmperorCalling himself the ** kingdom, implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world, and closed the door to China. Emperor Qianlong thought that we would no longer play with the world, but in fact, the world has already undergone earth-shaking changes, and we can't keep up with the pace of the world.
The reason why the Qing ** will inherit the political system of the Ming Dynasty in its entirety is because of the minority rulersInferiority complexThey are severely deficient in terms of cultural self-confidence, thereforeImitate the Han system everywhereeven did not hesitate to take Zhu Yuanzhang's old path. So in front of the foreigners, the Sinicized Manchu rulers showedExtreme pride and prejudice.
Write at the end:
If the Qing Dynasty did not take the baton from the Ming Dynasty, but continued the Song Dynasty, would they have held an open policy towards the sea like the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, and would not have been poisoned by Zhu Yuanzhang's sea ban policy of the Ming Dynasty? Will our history change? ButHistory can never be reset, and we can only sigh infinitely when we look at it now.