Two physicists predicted the discovery of the Nobel Prize, but no one cared

Mondo Science Updated on 2024-02-01

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You made a Nobel Prize-winning discovery that turned out to be yours right, but no one cared. This is the story that happened to two physicists, Mikhail Shaposhnikov and Christof Wetterich in 2009 who calculated the mass of the Higgs boson.

The Higgs boson, one of the 25 elementary particles collected by physicists in the Standard Model of particle physics, was the last particle discovered at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 and awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013.

While most physicists are very confident in the existence of the Higg boson, they don't know what the mass of the Higgs particle will be, but they do have some clues. First, they've already looked for Higg bosons at the Tevatron collider at Fermilab in the United States. This collider did not see the Higgs boson, which allowed physicists to set a lower limit on its mass, which was about 115 geV.

So particle physicists know that the mass of the Higgs boson needs to be higher than 115 GEV or Fermilab will see it. They also know that it will definitely be seen at about 1000 gev at the latest, because if only the standard model without the Higgs boson is used, then the theory will collapse somewhere. That's why the LHC is so valuable, and physicists know that if it weren't for the Higgs boson, something new would have happened there.

They also have another cap, about 180 gev, called the trivial boundary. Their argument is that if the mass of the Higgs boson is greater than this limit, it cannot create mass for other particles. So we now have a lower limit mass of 115 gev and an upper mass of 180 gev. But other than that, they still don't know what the mass of the Higgs boson should be now.

That's when the two physicists said that whatever the mass of the Higgs boson, it still had to allow gravity to become a quantum theory. All other fundamental forces of nature have quantum properties, but gravity is a strange thing because at the moment it is non-quantum as far as we know. Most physicists believe that gravity should also have quantum properties, it's just that we haven't found the right theory yet. This theory is called quantum gravitational theory, and we need it to figure out what happened to the big ** and the black hole singularity.

Physicists try to convert gravity into quantum gravity, just as they transform electrodynamics into quantum electrodynamics, Richard Feynman and others have already done quantum electrodynamics in the 60s of the 20th century, but when they use the same technique to extrapolate gravity to high energies, the result is infinity. The gravitational sonization thus obtained was considered a failure and was therefore abandoned.

But in 1978, Steven Weinberg said that this approximation of higher energies was wrong and that extrapolation had to be done using more complex methods, and there would be no problem with infinity. Then if the calculation is correct, the gravitational force is safely quantized. The idea is called asymptotic security gravity, and you've probably never heard of it because everyone, including Weinberg himself, thinks it's a disappointing solution. Therefore, after Weinberg's publication in 1978, no one thought deeply about it. It wasn't until the early 1990s that Christof Wetterich and Martin Reuter solved most of the math problems in **.

Back to the mass of the Higgs boson, because its mass changes the way higher energies in quantum gravity are extrapolated. If we use the mathematics developed by Wetterich and Reuter, it will be found that if the mass of the Higgs boson is too large or too small, then gravity is no longer safe, and the theory collapses again. So the two physicists I mentioned at the beginning went and calculated the window in which quantum gravity works and came up with the Higgs boson mass of 126 22 gev, while the experimental measurement was 12535±0.15 gev。

This is a very difficult calculation and depends on the mass of all the other particles, each with its own uncertainties. If this calculation were to be redone today, I think the uncertainty would be much less. So they correctly ** the mass of the Higgs boson, which means that quantum gravity may not be such a mysterious problem, it may really just be a matter of how to do extrapolation correctly. However, their calculations did not attract much attention, because there are nearly 100 articles in the same mass range.

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