"Chirp and chirp, Mulan is a household weaver... I saw the military post last night, and the Khan ordered a lot of troops...
This song of the Northern Dynasty ".Mulan CiThe Chinese people are very familiar with it, and the background is Xianbei peopleNorthern Wei Dynastywith the powerful nomads of the northSoftbetween the wars. The military post in the word refers to the incident of the invasion of Rouran.
Where did the Rouran people go?
The Rouran people, together with the Xianbei people, belong to the Mongolian nomadic people.
In the 5th century of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, the Rouran people reached their peak and reached the Ergun River in the east, the Altai Mountains in the west, and Lake Baikal in the north.
In the end, the demise of the Rouran people originated from the manufacture of weapons for the Rouran people in the southern foothills of the Altai MountainsBlacksmith Nation:Turkicof growing stronger.
Beginning in 552 AD, the Turks defeated the Rouran, and by 555, the Rouran had been completely defeated in the east, and the remnants of the Rouran had moved west to flee.
Nomads from the East, from the Eurasian steppes migrated westward into Europe for generations, the Sarmats, the Huns, and the Rourans also embarked on this road to Europe.
Scholars have the opinion that the prestige that followed in Europe was "".Avars**ars), that is, the Rouran people who migrated westward to Europe.
It is also believed that the Avars were defeated in Central Asia and northern India shortly after the defeat of the Uran by the Turks and Sassanid PersiaThe Huns (White Huns).The remnants of the .
However, the defeat of the Huns by the Turks and Persians took place in 565 AD, and the court of the great Emperor Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire had Avar envoys in 557 AD.
So far, there is still no conclusive conclusion about the exact ** of the Avars, but it is more likely that the Rouran people are more likely.
The Avars migrated from the east along the Eurasian steppes to the west to the South Russian steppes, along the Volga River, and as mentioned earlier, in 557 AD, the Avar envoys arrived at the court of Justinian the Great in Constantinople.
They came to ask for land and offerings.
The appearance of the Avars reminded the Byzantines of the Huns, which proves that they were also a nomadic people from the East.
Unlike the Huns,The Avars had their hair braided in two long braids
Justinian wisely chose to set fire to these uninvited guests, and he advised the Avars to attack other nomadic tribes in the northern Black Sea.
By 560 AD, the Avars had defeated all the tribes, including the descendants of the Huns of AttilaThe territory stretches from the Volga to the mouth of the Danube
But on their continued march to the west, they were defeated by the Merovingian dynasty, founded by the Franks of Clovis. In 567 they allied themselves with the Germanic LombardsCaptured the Hungarian steppe, which is the farthest extension of the Eurasian continent.
The royal court of the Avars was established in the former capital of Attila in Hungary, an Avar nomadic khanate stretching from the Volga to Austria was established.
The Avars had a treaty with the Eastern Roman Empire and maintained peaceful relations, much to the displeasure of the Turkic Khan, the nomadic overlord of the East, who had eliminated Rouran.
When the Turkic Khan received the envoys of the Eastern Roman Empire, he severely reprimanded them, and his words are excerpted below:
Let the Avars wait for the arrival of my cavalry, and with a wave of our whip they will flee underground. We can wipe out that slave race without a sword; We trampled them to death like ants under the iron hooves of our war horses. ”
When a slave turns over to become a master, he will be extremely ruthless to his former master.
In order to punish the Eastern Romans, the Turkic Khan also sent a cavalry into the Russian steppe to attack the cities of the Eastern Roman Empire near the Kerch Strait on the Crimean Peninsula.
The Avars in Europe, not changing their nomadic nature of raiding, soon became enemies of the Eastern Roman Empire, based on the Hungarian steppes, and attacked and plundered in eastern Europe.
It is worth mentioning that the earliest stirrups in Europe were unearthed in the tombs of the Hungarian Avars in the 6th century AD. That is, it was the Avars in the East who introduced the stirrups to Europe, and the stirrups reshaped the cavalry of Europe.
More than 100 years later, Charlie defeated the Islamic army in the Battle of Poitier. The hoplite cavalry used by Matt was only possible by relying on stirrups.
The Avars defeated the Franks to the west, captured Thrace in the Eastern Roman Empire to the east, and plundered and even conspired with Persia to flank the east and west in 626 AD, and jointly laid siege to Constantinople, which was finally defeated.
They even attacked Lombard-occupied Italy, directly threatening the Pope.
However, the failure of the siege of Constantinople led to the decline of the Avars' fortunes, and the allies and conquered peoples rebelled, and they finally retreated to Hungary until 796 ADHe was completely defeated by Pepin, the son of Charlemagne.
After that, the Avars were baptized by the ** religion, and this Mongol ethnic group was finally integrated into the river of peoples of Europe.