I have argued in ** "The Vulgar Qualitative Understanding of Mass and Energy (I)" (In a world full of energy, there is always that little magic particle).At least for any matter in our universe, the primary mass is the rest mass, and the regenerative mass is the moving mass; The most basic physical building block of matter is the fundamental energy pon, which can also be called the fundamental energy proton or the mass pon; Some or even all of these energons (protons) may also be energyized or fused finitely or infinitely many times, and their or fusion periods may be short or long. For the proton, it belongs as the most basic physical building block of matterUltimate Particle, at least for a certain moment or even a certain period of time, it is no longer divisible.
If it is an indivisible particle with no internal structure for a short period of time or even at some point, the mass belongsRelative ultimate particles.
Of course, according to the core law of dialectics, the law of the unity of opposites (the law of contradiction), it is very likely that there is opposition in our universeThe absolute ultimate particle. Such protons are indivisible solid particles for a long enough time or even forever. For example, the lepton electrons and neutrinos in the current Standard Model, when their energy is at its lowest, may be absolute ultimate particles because they are not bound to other fundamental enertons.
It should be noted that the "ultimate particle" or "magic particle" may be a point-like microscopic particle, and its upper scale is significantly smaller than the linearity of the atoms or small molecules of matter, that is, the order of magnitude of the scale is significantly smaller than 10 meters (1 angstrom, m)), and the lower limit scale is the smallest theoretically observable scale - Planck length (lp 1616 10 meters), as mentioned above for reference leponic electrons and neutrinos.
In addition, these "ultimate particles" may be point-like ultra-microscopic particles with a linearity smaller than Planck's length, or even point-like particles at the sub-ultramicroscopic scale. It is also possible that the superstring theory is similar to a particularly small vibrating string of a rubber band, the average scale of which is about the Planck scale, and the vibration mode or vibration frequency of different ultimate particles is different; There may also be other forms. It's just that they are much smaller than atoms, the smallest particles in the chemical changes of matter, and can be simply reduced to "particles" at or below the microscopic scale.
Of course, according to the common sense of quantum field theory, the basic form of matter is the quantum field, and each particle can be regarded as a quantized manifestation of its corresponding field. For example, photons are quantized electromagnetic fields.
So,The ultimate particle proton (radical) may also belong to the quantized proton (radicalon) fieldThat is, this part of the ultimate particle may also be the quantum of its corresponding field. It can also be called such a fieldProton (Fundamental Energy) Field,It belongs to the quantum field corresponding to the ultimate particleThe ultimate particle field.
Just as the basic skeleton or bricks of the edifice of natural numbers in the common sense of number theory are extremely simple (or extremely simple) and not simple basic numbers - prime numbers (prime numbers), proton mass and fundamental energy are the basic bricks of the whole material mass edifice and energy edifice respectively - the most basic mass quantum (prime mass) and the most basic energy quantum (prime energy).
For example, if the most common leptons in the elementary particle family, electrons and neutrinos, are in the lowest energy state, then their masses may be the four elements in the most basic unit mass family or the meta unit mass family, that is, the four most basic mass quanta (element mass); Such ground-state elementary particle energy may be the four elements in the most basic unit energy family or the meta-unit energy family, that is, the four most basic energy quanta (element energy).
It can be seen from thisThe proton is the quality quantum, and the prime energy is the proton
Combined with the previous speculation, it can be seen that the (prime) proton (prime) may also be a quantized (prime) proton (prime) proton (prime) field, and there may be a large class of ultimate particle fields in our universe - the (prime) proton (prime) proton (prime) field.
According to the basic knowledge of mathematics, the multiplication rule of numbers can "bond" the prime numbers together to form composite numbers, such as the smallest composite number 4 is connected by two smallest prime numbers, and also two unique even prime numbers 2 are connected by multiplication. In the same way, similar to the gauge boson gluons that transmit strong interactions, the upper and lower quarks are "glued" together in a certain proportion to form the most common baryon protons and neutrons, and there are also prime energy propagators, which can bond or combine a part of the prime energy particles together to form (microscopic) composite particles.
Such composite particles include both the current Standard Model elementary particles and composite particles composed of elementary particles. For example, gluons that transmit strong interactions "stick" the upper and lower quarks together in a certain proportion, and the composite particles composed of protons and neutrons belong to the microscopic composite particles; For another example, when an elementary particle electron is accelerated to close to the speed of light in a vacuum, the regenerative mass of the elementary particle will increase significantly, and the electron absorbs the proton, which is also a microscopic particle.
Suppose there are finite numbers of primes, let the maximum be p, obviously, the smallest is 2, for the natural number q 2 3 5 7 11 13 ....p 1, then q p, q is a composite number; On the other hand, the composite number q is not divisible by all prime numbers from 2 to p, then after decomposing the prime factors for q, there are two or more prime numbers greater than p; From this, this contradicts that there are infinitely many prime numbers and p is the largest prime number; Therefore, the assumption is not valid, that is, "there are infinitely many primes" and "there is no largest prime" in the common sense of number theory.
According to philosophical common sense, the unity of the material world is the unity of diversity, not the unity of a single undifferentiated unity, which shows that everything in our universe is diverse and colorful. In addition, 61 elementary particles have been identified in the Standard Model, which is not a small number and reflects the richness of the material world.
Therefore, it is very likely that the protons will be light and heavy, and they will not be exactly the same weight. Those with larger masses may already belong to microscopic particles, such as lepton electrons and neutrinos that can be used for reference in the lowest energy state, which may belong to the mass protons; If the mass is small, it may already belong to ultra-microscopic particles.
That is to say, in our universe, the linearity span and mass span between protons may also be relatively large, there may be different kinds of protons, and it is very likely that there will be different protozonal masses and different regenerin masses with zero protogen mass. It's like macroscopic objects, some as small as a grain of sand, some as big as a skyscraper or even various planets, stars, nebulae and other celestial bodies.
Therefore, in our universe, it cannot be ruled out that there is a full variety of possibilities for (prime) protons (prime), i.e., the number of species is either a natural number or infinity. If this is one of the great truths of our universe, then there are a large number of unknown protons in the entire natural world, including human society, which can be incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics in large quantities in the future at the latest
If the protons of our universe are numbered in the natural order of prime numbers (from smallest to largest), there are ...... protons 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13Since prime numbers are more characteristic and difficult than composite numbers, such numbers may represent some kind of mass information, such as a part of a natural cipher or a cipher code.
AbsolutelyThis extreme possibility exists even if we assume that there are infinite kinds of protons in our universe, and that the masses are not the same or strictly different for different protons. It is not because the mass of various protons is arranged from small to large, and the relationship is infinitely increasing, which will cause the mass of protons with large masses to meet the macroscopic quality standard, resulting in a high probability that they will become macroscopic objects.
For such a mass increasing sequence, there can also be both a lower bound and an upper bound, that is, for the infinitely many protons, its mass will not exceed a certain upper bound mass, and the upper bound mass is also very small, and it does not reach the macroscopic mass benchmark, it still belongs to the microscopic or ultramicroscopic and even smaller scale particles that may exist.
This is like a simple sequence of infinite numbers with a real continuous function structure of y c f(x) (where c is a constant and the function f(x) is at least (subtraction on 0,+, n n). For example, a simple infinite number series is also a bounded increasing infinite number series, and the lower bound value is 05, and the upper bound value is 1.
Of course, since its continuous function structure is y 1 2 -x, the limit of the infinitesimal rate of change of y to x, i.e., the derivative dy dx = y = ln2·2 -x 0, so when x (0, +, the larger the value of the positive variable x, the smaller the value of the positive variable y; So, when the positive variable x is large enough, y has taken a positive number close to 0, and the larger the x, the closer y is to 0, and when x +, y 0;Therefore, when the value of x increases from a certain large number, the value of the original function y 1 2 -x increases very slowly, with little or no change. It can be seen that when all large positive integers are simply screened out from this variation domain as the values that can be taken by x, the requirement is also satisfied, that is, the values of the bounded increasing infinite number series with sufficient terms increase little or almost nothing, and are equal within a certain precision.
Since the most basic physical building unit of our universe is the proton, the proton is the mass quantum, and the prime energy particle is the proton, so our universe is ultimately composed of (prime) protons (prime energy particles).We can call our universe the prime universe, or the universe for short.
Since there are infinitely many primes, it cannot be ruled out that there are enough or even infinitely many prime universes.
If all prime universes are also numbered in the natural order of prime numbers (from smallest to largest), there are also universes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13 ......Because prime numbers are more characteristic and difficult than composite numbers, such numbers may represent some kind of cosmic information, such as a part of a cosmic cipher or a code codeOur universe may be one of them.
According to mathematical knowledge, the neutral number 0 can be obtained by cancelling out any non-zero real number a and its opposite number -a. Applying it to the mass of matter in our universe (primary mass or regenerative mass), and assuming that the mass of any specific matter is m, obviously, m>0, is the positive mass; then m<0, is the negative mass; In this case, 0 m (-m) is satisfied. According to Einstein's mass-energy formula e mc, it can be seen that e>0 is positive energy; Then -e<0 is negative energy; From this we get 0 m (-m) (e c ) e c ), then 0 e (-e).
It is inferred that in the largest world, there may be negative mass and negative energy matter, which, together with positive mass and positive energy matter, are born in the form of positive and negative mass pairs with symmetrical mass or positive and negative energy pairs with symmetric energy.
Therefore, in the largest world, there is a high probability that there will be a void that feels like nothing. Its mass is zero, and its energy is also zero, but it can produce positive mass matter and negative mass matter with symmetrical mass (or positive energy matter and negative energy matter with symmetrical energy), so as to achieve "creating something out of nothing", which can be called "".Void FieldIt belongsRelative Void
When a gamma photon interacts with the nuclear field of a heavy atom, a pair of positive and negative electrons, that is, e + e, and the photon is not charged, and the positive and negative electrons each carry an equal amount of heterogeneous charge, so the generation of this positive and negative electron pair does not change the zero algebraic sum of the charges in the system, and the law of conservation of charge still holds.
In the same way, even if the void field can produce positive and negative mass matter with symmetrical mass, or positive energy matter and negative energy matter with symmetrical energy, such a pair of positive and negative masses, or a pair of positive and negative energy, will not change the zero algebraic sum of the mass and energy of the void fieldThe change also does not violate the laws of conservation of mass and energy.
Visible,In the largest world, there is a greater possibility of a "void field", and it is also more likely to generate positive and negative mass matter. Obviously, these products can also be called positive and negative energy substances.
As for the relationship between our universe and the Void Field, there are at least 6 possibilities: 1. It has "sunk" at the bottom of the Void Field or its vicinity; 2. It is "sinking" in the void field; 3. "Suspended" in the Void Field; 4. It is "floating" in the void field; 5. "Floating" on the void field; 6. Merge with the Void Field.
It should be noted that the "negative energy" mentioned here is by no means a numerical negative energy relative to the zero reference point such as the zero energy of a vacuum, the zero gravitational potential energy of an object, or the zero potential energy of an electric charge, nor is it a negative emotion, thinking and behavior that reflects the "evil" of human nature as referred to in psychology It is the opposite of the (positive) energy in terms of energy properties, which is generally referred to by the law of conservation of energy.
According to Newton's scalar formula of gravitation, f=gmmr, (gravitational constant g667 10 N·m kilogram ) It can be seen that for any two particles in our universe, since they both have obvious positive mass, the gravitational value between them is f>0. Therefore, if the law of gravitation also applies to negative-mass matter, then, when the positive mass substance and the negative-mass substance interact, if the distance is large, the two substances can be regarded as particles and the formula can be directly applied; If the distance is relatively close, it cannot be regarded as a particle, but two substances can be divided into an infinite number of particles, and then the gravitational force of each particle of one substance and all the particles of the other substance can be found, and then its net force can be found. In either case, the gravitational force is numerically negative and manifests as repulsion, i.e., the positive mass repels the negative mass.
Therefore, in the broadest world, the possibility of a negative-mass universe consisting of negative protons as a twin universe of our universe cannot be ruled out. Due to the effect of repulsive forces, the universe may be farther and farther away from our universe, and the current technological level of our human beings on Earth is limited, so that we have never seen negative mass matter.
Of course, the so-called positive and negative qualities may also be relative. If there are intelligent beings in the negative-mass universe over there, from their point of view, our universe belongs to the negative-mass universe.
Among them, since the positive and negative mass universes are also ultimately composed of positive and negative energy subtons, such a pair of universes can also be called positive and negative energy universes (or positive and negative energy universes), which can be abbreviated asPositive and negative cosmic pairs.
Just as a pair of positive and negative electrons will annihilate and produce photons after they meet, a certain mass of positive mass matter may also be annihilated after contact with a negative mass matter of the same mass, and directly return to the zero state of zero mass and zero energy in the void field, that is, the phenomenon of positive and negative cosmic matter reduction may occur out of thin air. The possible process can be expressed as m (-m) 0 and e (-e) = 0 by a relation.
In addition, in our universe, dark energy causes the universe to expand continuously, and it is also mutually exclusive with the ordinary matter (physical objects and fields) that we are accustomed to, so the possibility that dark energy is a negative mass matter cannot be ruled out.
As for the reason for the formation of our universe, and the reason why the void field generates positive and negative proton pairs, and even the ultimate positive and negative cosmic pairs with complex structures and functions, it may be natural evolution, or it may be designed and built by extraterrestrial advanced intelligent beings. If it is related to extraterrestrial advanced intelligent beings, it also makes sense, after all, natural evolution alone, just as iron ore cannot form various types of steel through natural evolution, nor can it naturally evolve into steel parts of automobilesNature can naturally evolve into an extremely complex and brain-burning universe, and it is even less likely that there may be positive and negative universe pairs. These extraterrestrial advanced intelligent beings may include the "God", "Lord of Hades", "God" and "Creator" referred to by our earth human beings.
According to the common sense of number theory, twin primes are pairs of prime numbers with a difference of 2. Such as 3 and and 13 、......i.e. 1 、......The largest twin primes found so far are 2996863034895 2 1, which indicates that there are at least enough pairs of twin primes.
So in the widest world, there may still existThe twin universe, referred to as the twin universe, does not rule out the possibility that such prime universe pairs have enough or infinite pairs.
If true, for our universe, if it belongs to universe No. 2, since the only even prime number 2 cannot form a twin prime with the natural number 0 or 4, in this case, it is more likely that there is no outer universe that is paired with our universe, and our universe is not a member of the twin universe.
However, there may be exceptions, and that is when nature or extraterrestrial advanced intelligent beings arrange for Universe 3 or some other universe (such as Universe 1 or Universe 4) to pair with our universe to form a singular twin universe. It's just very unlikely.
Generally speaking, as long as there are twin universes in the largest world, as long as our universe is not Universe 2, there must be twin brother universes or twin sister universes, but it is very likely that our universe belongs to a non-Universe 2, after all, there are so many universe codenames. Even if our universe is in a twin universe, in that universe that is paired with our universe, it cannot be ruled out that there are intelligent beings in it.
If such intelligent beings exist, they already belong to the intelligent beings of the outer universe. Just as there are differences in personality and abilities between twin brothers, their civilization may be amazing, or they may be backward or advanced than us.
If they are more advanced than us in science and technology, it is conceivable that some mathematical and technological problems that have not yet been solved by our earth human beings, such as the Gothic conjecture, twin prime conjecture, Riemann conjecture, Young-Mills existence and mass gap hypothesis, controllable nuclear fusion, controllable and even elimination, volcanoes, floods, tsunamis, tornadoes, typhoons and other natural disasters, controllable and even eliminated epidemics, efficient control of environmental pollution, They may have solved at least part of the problems of efficient manufacturing and widespread use of various renewable energy sources, interplanetary or interstellar interstellar travel and migration, various incurable diseases, biological immortality, and similar problems of similar difficulty.
Of course, based on the previous speculation, it is also possible that the twin universe is a pair of positive and negative mass universes. The one that is paired with our universe may belong to the negative mass universe.
If all twin universes are numbered in the natural order of twin primes, and ordered prime pairs can be simply numbered, there is a ...... of (3,5) twin universes) twin universes).Obviously, the greatest common divisor of the two primes of each (prime) cosmic pair is the natural unit number 1, which represents 1 twin cosmic unit.
Because ordinal primes are more characteristic and difficult than ordinal composite pairs, prime-composite pairs, and composite-prime pairs, such cosmic pair numbers may also represent some kind of cosmic pair information, such as a part of a cosmic pair cipher or a cipher codeOur universe may be part of a twin universe.
It is conceivable that mathematics, as the queen of natural science and an important foundation, has the crown of number theory. The application fields of number theory not only include science and technology branches such as combinatorial mathematics, cryptography, information security, coding theory, algorithm design, digital signal processing, communication technology, etc., but also include at least particle physics, cosmology and other branches. Only in this way can we solve more natural mysteries and seek more benefits for mankind.
At least for our universe, for all matter, whose ultimate physical building block is the proton, tooElementary energetic tons, fundamental energs, qualitative quanta, and prime energetic molecules。They belong toUltimate Particle, which may also belong to the quantized ultimate particle field. There are enough or infinite kinds of protons.
There may be more than one universe in the largest worldOur universe is one of themThere may also be enough multiple twin universesOur universe may be a member of one of the twin universes. If it is true, it cannot be ruled out that there are intelligent beings in the primordial universe that is paired with our universe, and their civilization may be more advanced than ours, which will more or less allow us earth humans to see a glimmer of hope and victory, especially in solving scientific and technological problems.
Science and Technology Essays** Collection of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, "Vulgar Qualitative Understanding Behavior on Mass and Energy (Part 1)" 8).
February** Dynamic Incentive Program