Mr. He Lin was one of the most important philosophical thinkers and translators of the twentieth century in China.
Mr. He's ideological life, when Chinese and Western cultures collided, the nation was in deep danger, and the wind of Westernization prevailed. It not only does not lose the source of its own culture, especially the Confucian context, but also goes deep into the roots of Western philosophy, communicates the two from the method, and opens up a philosophical world that studies the changes of heaven and man, through the changes of the past and the present, and becomes a family, pointing out a very dynamic path for the contemporary philosophical exploration of Chinese.
Selected from "Zhang Xianglong's Collected Works", Volume 15, "Groping for Benevolence").
He Lin (1902-1992).
He Lin (1902-1992), also known as Guangrui, was a native of Jintang County, Sichuan Province, a famous Chinese philosopher, historian of philosophy, expert in Hegel studies, educator, and translator. In 1919, he was admitted to Tsinghua Academy. He received his master's degree from Harvard University in 1926. In 1930, he moved to the University of Berlin in Germany, where he studied German classical philosophy. After returning to China, he taught at the Department of Philosophy at Peking University and taught part-time at Tsinghua University. He Lin's main works include "A Brief Explanation of Modern Idealism", "Culture and Life", "Contemporary Chinese Philosophy", "Lectures on Modern Western Philosophy", etc. His main translations are: "Little Logic", "Hegel's Essays", "Lectures on the History of Philosophy", "Phenomenology of Spirit". As early as the 40s of the 20th century, He Lin established the ideological system of "New Mind" and became a well-known and important figure in China's modern Neo-Confucian thought.
Writings by He Lin
1.Culture and Life
Written in the Southwest Associated University during the Anti-Japanese WarNo matter what kind of book you read, the key is to use your own thoughtsBecause reading books requires oneself-use of one's own thoughts, so that one will not be a slave to booksThe method of thinking can be discussed in three ways:The first logical method can give us a coherent system so that we do not fall apart. The second method of experience can make our knowledge intimate and rich without being dry and empty; The third method of metaphysical thinking can enable us to have far-reaching philosophical insights without being obsessed with one bias. Reading is like climbing a high mountain, unless you have courage, you must not climb to the top of the mountain, close to the sky. Reading is like propping a boat on the beach, and you can't relax for a moment. Reading is like being on the battlefield, you can't defeat books, and if you use books, you will be enslaved by books and be slaves of books. Defeat in a war is only a defeat in force. And the failure to read is a spiritual failure. Zhu Zi said: "Reading must be a stick and a mark, a slap and a palm blood." It is enough to express this kind of reading spirit like a battle, and it is enough to serve as a guideline for our reading. This book is a part of the text on cultural issues and life issues written by the author during his teaching at Southwest Associated University in Kunming during the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War. These words represent a consistent attitude, a central idea, a basic position or point of view, that is, the way to bring out the author's perception of the new outlook on life and the new culture from all aspects and from different issues. When giving full play to his own cultural and life opinions, the author tries his best to sympathize, understand and carry forward the advantages of China's inherent culture, and introduce the significance of Western culture, the modern spirit and new outlook on life of Westerners. 2.A Brief Explanation of Modern Idealism
Any sensory material, which is necessarily universal, must be arranged and arranged by these two standards of time and space before it can become natural knowledge and a natural phenomenon. If you have a feeling, but you can't even say whether the content of your feeling is here and now, that is, it has not been sorted out by the original and direct standards of time and space, then it is equivalent to saying that you have no feeling.
If you admit that you have sensory content, assuming that you can't organize or arrange the content of your feelings, for example, if you just say, "I saw a yellow wooden table", but someone asks you when and where you saw a yellow wooden table, and you can't tell the time and place, then we can only say that you are making up a lie, and denying that you have a clear, objective knowledge of nature about the table.
However, the twofold arrangement of time and space for sensual things is an innate cognitive function that everyone knows without worrying, can do without learning, can naturally do so, and must be so. That's why I say that space-time is the principle or standard of natural knowledge, so it is possible. A Brief Explanation of Modern Idealism is an extraordinary effort to transcend barriers and regenerate China's own philosophy through thorough understanding. The richness of its contents, the pursuit of its originality, the liveliness and fluidity of its expression, and its unsystematic and self-contained structure are sufficient to prompt the reader to explore and reveal the original, without hindering his or her own thoughts and the uniqueness of life. 
Translated by He Lin
3.The Phenomenology of Spirit (upper and lower volumes).By De HegelTranslated by He Lin and Wang Jiuxing
An independent masterpiece of Hegel, Hegel's thought is hugeThe system of idealism and its dialectical method have their roots here. Brief description of the upper volumePreface: On Scientific Understanding.
Introduction. A. Consciousness.
Chapter 1: Perceptual Certainty; This one and meaning.
Chapter 2 Perception; things and illusions.
Chapter 3 Power and Intellectuality; phenomena and the world of hypersensory.
B. Self-awareness.
Chapter 4 The Truth of the Certainty of Consciousness Itself.
C (a), rationality.
Chapter 5 The Certainty and Truth of Reason.
Postscript. Postscript to the reprint.
Brief description of the next volumeC (b) spiritual.
Chapter 6 Spirit.
1. True spirit, ethics.
a) The ethical world, the laws of man and the laws of God, men and women.
b) Ethical behavior, human and knowledge of God, sin and fate.
c) Legal status.
Second, the spirit of self-alienation, edification.
a.Alienated spiritual world.
a) The Kingdom of Indoctrination and Reality.
b) Faith and pure insight.
b.Enlightenment. a) The struggle between enlightenment and superstition.
b) The truth of enlightenment.
c.Absolute freedom and terror.
3. Have certainty and morality for oneself.
a) Moral worldview.
b) Inversion. c) Conscience, beautiful soul, evil and its forgiveness.
C (c), religion.
Chapter VII Religion.
1. Natural religion.
a) The god of light.
b) Plants and animals [worship].
c) Artisans. 2. Art and Religion.
a) Abstract artwork.
b) Living works of art.
c) Spiritual artwork.
3. Apocalyptic religion.
C (D), absolute knowledge.
Chapter 8: Absolute Knowledge.
Postscript. The Phenomenology of Spirit was first published in 1807. As the first programmatic work of the 19th century German classical philosopher Hegel to expound his philosophical views and principles, The Phenomenology of Spirit summarizes the philosophical research results of philosophers before Hegel and proclaims the outline of future philosophy. 4."Little Logic".By De HegelTranslated by He Lin
The spirit of the world is too busy with reality, too galloping with the outside world, and not letting go back to the heart, turning back to itself, in order to wander in its original home. On the one hand, due to the hardships of the times, people pay too much attention to the trivial matters of daily lifeOn the other hand, the highest interest in reality lies in striving to revive and save the country and the nation firstThe whole situation in life and politics. These works occupy all the faculties of the spirit, all the forces of the people of all strata, and the external means, so that our spiritual inner life cannot win tranquility. Generally speaking, the power of the spirit has acquired such a great effect in time that whatever is preserved in the present fashion may be said to be only ideas and things that conform to the idea, and that which is effective must be proved in front of insight and thought.
This shows that the blossoming of education and science is itself a major link in the life of the country. Our university is the center of the university, and the center of all spiritual education, all science and truth, philosophy, must be respected and cultivated. Renunciation of knowledge of the truth has been regarded as the most despised and worthless thing since ancient timesBut it is revered by our time as the highest spiritual victory.
The kingdom of truth is the field in which philosophy is most familiar and what philosophy createsThrough philosophical research, we can share. Everything that is truly great and divine in life is true, great, and sacred, because of the Idea. The purpose of philosophy is to grasp the universality and true form of ideas.
Nature is destined to complete reason only with necessity. But the world of spirit is the world of freedom. Everything that sustains human life, that is valuable, that works, is spiritual. The spiritual world can only achieve actual existence through the consciousness of truth and justice, and through the mastery of ideas.
The courage to pursue the truth and the power of the spirit are the first conditions for philosophical research. One should honor oneself and consider oneself worthy of the noblest. The greatness and power of the spirit cannot be underestimated or underestimated. The hidden nature of the universe does not have the strength of its own to resist the courage to seek knowledge. For the brave seeker of knowledge, it can only uncover its secrets, reveal its riches and mysteries to him, and let him enjoy it.
The beginning of philosophy is oneAssumptions。Hegel's Lesser Logic, which is one of the main links that make up his Philosophical Encyclopedia, was originally a lecture note for students. It was Hegel's efforts in the last ten years. It has the advantage of grasping the contours and focus of the whole system, the material is evenly distributed, the text is simple and compact, and the meaning is profound. At first glance, it seems quite difficult to understand, but the more you chew it, the more you feel that it is infinitely meaningful and thought-provoking. When his students compiled the complete collection after his death, they added student notes as an addendum, so that the book has a clear, intimate and touching character. In particular, the inferences about the three attitudes and concepts of thought towards objectivity are not found in the Great Logic or are extremely rare, and deserve special attention. 5.Lectures on the History of PhilosophyBy De HegelTranslated by He Lin, Wang Taiqing, et al
Lectures on the History of Philosophy, one of Hegel's most genius works. - Engels"If one does not merely speak of this indistinctly, as Empedocles did, but understands it in its proper conclusion and in the yardstick of reason, then one will seeFriendship is the principle of good, while hatred is the principle of evilSo much so that one can say, to some extent, that Empedocles established good and evil as absolute principles for the first time; For this good is the principle of all good, and this evil is the principle of all evil.
Aristotle points out the traces of the "universal" here, because it is necessary for Aristotle to study the concept of the principle of self and self. But this can only be such a concept or thought, which is directly self-made in itself (what is in itself is not self-doing, but is the unity of the form of the other, if there is and what is not); We have not seen such a principle before, but it was with Anaxagoras that we discovered it for the first time.
Aristotle could not find the principle of the good in Heraclitus, so he wanted to discover it in Empedocles.
The good, as we understand it, is an end in itself and in itself, something that is fully consolidated in itself.
We have said many times that Aristotle could not find this principle of motion in the previous philosophers; He said that people cannot understand change from "being". Now we find this principle in Heraclitus in the motion of "changing" [i.e., generating].
But Aristotle called a more profound principle "for whom" and "for whom"; Goodness is that which exists for itself. Purpose is a concept that exists inherently and prescribes itself; So it is an absolute self-contained truth, and everything else has its existence because of it.
If we speak of the end (good) as the truth, then it also has the character of action, of self-actualization, of its own end, of the concept of self-being, which prescribes itself and at the same time produces its own action; In this way, the purpose is the idea, the concept, which objectifies itself and identifies itself in its objectivity. Aristotle could not find in Heraclitus the principle of purpose, the principle of self-preservation equivalence, the principle of steadfastness; So he attacked Heraclitus strongly, because in the latter there there was only mutation, no recovery, no purpose. He believed it had now been found here in Empedocles; But at the same time, he said, Empedocles only spoke of it indistinctly. This book is one of Hegel's most important philosophical works and is hailed as the pioneering work of the "History of Philosophy". What the history of philosophy reveals to us is a series of noble minds, exhibitions of many heroes of rational thought, who, by the power of reason, penetrated into the essence of things, nature, and the mind. 6.Hegel's Early Theological WritingsBy De HegelTranslated by He Lin
First-hand knowledge of Hegel's early theological thoughtEvery religion that is considered to be the religion of the people must have the character of satisfying moods and fantasies. Even pure rational religion will be embodied in the souls of the people – especially in the souls of the people. Of course, it would be good for this religion, which is itself intimately connected with mythology, in order to prevent the adventurous madness of fantasy, and to at least show the fantasy a good path, so that it may then be sprinkled with flowers. On the other hand, fantasy can easily fall into childishness.
For in truth, the lovely, the beautiful, the colors that are drawn from sensuality are rejected by our religious spirit. Generally speaking, we are too rational and rhetorical people to love beautiful images.
As far as rituals are concerned, on the one hand, a popular religion without rituals is certainly unthinkable, but on the other hand it must be said that there is nothing that more seriously prevents the people from grasping the essence of religion itself than rituals. This book is a collection of five early Hegel's theological works, including Popular Religion and Religion, The Preaching of Jesus, The Authority of Religion, The Spirit of Religion and Its Destiny, and Fragments of the 1800 System, which is a first-hand source for understanding and researching Hegel's early theological thought. 7.EthicsWritten by Spinoza, NetherlandsTranslated by He Lin
To become a philosopher, one must first become a Spinozaian. —HegelSpinoza and Wang Yangming are both philosophers who "reach the conscience", but one is more moral to the conscience, and the other is to the conscience than science. - He LinTo think too highly of yourself because you love yourself is pride. To think too low of oneself because of pain is to have low self-esteem. —Spinoza
For example, if a person intends to see something at a distance, this will cause his pupils to dilate, but if the person only wants to dilate the pupils, this will not produce the desired result, because the pineal gland, which is enough to drive the spirit of life to influence the optic nerve to do some movement, so that the pupils dilate or shrink, is not naturally associated with the desire to enlarge or shrink the pupils, but only with the desire to see things at a distance or near distance. Later he argued that, while each movement of the pineal gland seems to be naturally connected with each of the thoughts of all the thoughts we have ever had, it can also be associated with other thoughts by virtue of habit. He then came to the conclusion that there would never be a mind that would be so weak as to be properly guided to gain the strength to control his emotions.
The book Ethics is Spinoza's main work, and his philosophical ideas are basically expressed in this book. It took him more than a decade to write the work, starting in 1662 and completing it in 1675. During his lifetime, the work was not published, and was published only after his death by his friends. Soon after its publication, it was considered a "blasphemous and atheistic doctrine" by the Dutch authorities at the time and banned from publication. The book "Ethics" was written with the "method of geometry". Spinoza studied human thoughts, emotions, desires, etc., as points, lines, and planes in geometry, first proposing definitions and axioms, then proving them, and then making deductions.
8."The Theory of Intellectual Improvement: The Path Most Sufficient to Guide Man to Attain True Knowledge of Things".Written by Spinoza, NetherlandsTranslated by He Lin
One of Spinoza's earliest writingsWays to seek knowledge and solutionsFor nothing by its very nature can be called perfect or imperfect, especially when we know that all things are created and changed in accordance with the eternal order and fixed laws of nature. Whatever is sufficient to help him attain this perfection is true and good. The supreme good is something that, once acquired, can be shared in by all other individuals who possess this quality. We must first try to find a way to heal the intellect, and to purify it as much as possible in the beginning, so that the intellect may know things successfully, infallibly, and as perfectly as possible. We can follow general customs that do not contradict our goals. Knowledge derived from general experience, that is, knowledge derived from experience that is not prescribed by reason. We still call it experience only because it happened so accidentally, and we have no other contrary experience to overturn it, so it remains in our hearts as something unshakable. Anything that has something to do with something else-Because there is nothing in nature that is not interconnected- all are knowable, and the objective nature of these things has the same relation to each other, in other words, from which we can deduce other ideas, which in turn are related to other ideas. Thought is called true because it objectively contains the essence of a principle, which is known in and through itself for no reason. This book is the author's work on Fang ** and epistemology, which is divided into five parts: On the Purpose of Philosophy, On the Types of Knowledge, On Intellectuality, On Imagination, and On Theory.
Book a day. Metaphysical Theory of the State
The word of the day. Etymology (3rd ed.).