The history behind the Qing Dynasty's nine sons and Russia's qualitative leap is intertwined
Russia, as a neighbor of the Qing Dynasty, in"Nine sons Dengke"What changes occurred in the middle and end of the Kangxi period? The first emperor of the Russian Empire and the only one in the history of Russia"The Great"Peter the Great, under whose reign Russia not only began to fully Westernize, but also actively expanded outward, conquering the seas and finally achieving a qualitative leap.
Learn from advanced Western technology and promote Russia's comprehensive Westernization reform.
After Fedor's death, there was chaos in the country, the Naryshkin family elected Peter as tsar, the Miroslavsky family elected Ivan as tsar, Peter was young and Ivan was dull, and Ivan's sister Sophia became regent. Until 1689, Peter's"Command the army"Having put down an armed rebellion launched by Sophia and imprisoning her in a monastery, Peter began to gradually rise to power and conquered Azov from the Turks in a second campaign in 1696.
In 1697, Peter the Great sent a large delegation to Western Europe to expand the anti-Turkish alliance and learn from Western Europe's advanced technology. In order to ensure the success of these efforts, Peter the Great, himself under the pseudonym Corporal Pyotr Mikhailov, led a delegation to Saltan and Amsterdam in the Netherlands and London in England to learn shipbuilding and navigation, and recruited a large number of scientific and technical personnel to work in Russia.
After returning from his studies, Peter the Great carried out large-scale experiments in Westernization in Russia.
In the military sphere, Peter introduced compulsory military service, new Western ** and strategic technologies, and created the first powerful navy in the history of Russia.
In the economic sphere, the development of industry and ** is strongly promoted, entrepreneurs can buy the labor of entire villages, and foreigners can open factories in Russia.
In the political sphere, a completely centralized administrative apparatus was created, the Duma was replaced by the Senate, the nobility and lords were deprived of their rightful place, the Grand Imam was replaced by religious senators, the country was divided into 50 provinces, and 14 civil and military ** ascended to the throne, who, regardless of their origin, had to start from the lowest level and be promoted according to merit.
In the field of culture, Western books and lifestyles were introduced in an all-round way, subjects were no longer allowed to wear traditional clothes and beards, and the children of the nobility had to go to school when they reached a certain age, otherwise they could not inherit the title, and students were also selected to study in Western Europe. At the same time, the Russian alphabet was simplified, the Western calendar was introduced, the first library, hospital, theater, museum and printing house in Russia were built, the first newspaper was published, and an editor-in-chief was appointed.
It can be said that the total westernization of Peter the Great was extremely thorough, and in order to ensure the smooth progress of the reforms, even his son Alexios was imprisoned and tortured for his opposition, but"Not afraid to raze and raze"and eventually died in prison.
Actively expand outward and seize the Baltic export market.
Peter the Great, while actively pursuing reforms to further develop and change the closed and backward fate of Russia, launched two foreign wars, the main purpose of which was to gain stable access to the sea.
1.Northern War In the 15th and early 16th centuries, Sweden established the Baltic Empire centered on the Gulf of Finland while conquering Danish and Norwegian territories north of the Sandersland. On the other hand, thanks to the Treaty of Stolbov in 1617, Russia lost direct access to the Baltic Sea. In order to regain access to the Baltic Sea, a war between Russia and Sweden was inevitable. As a result of Peter the Great's alliance with Denmark and Saxony during his visit to Western Europe, the trio went to war against Sweden in 1700, but the war did not start smoothly and Sweden defeated Denmark and Russia. Peter the Great, having regrouped, finally defeated King Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Lesna in 1708 and the Battle of Poltava in 1709. In 1721,** Sweden was forced to sign the Treaty of Nystad, ceding its coveted eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland and Riga, as well as large swaths of territory. This gave it access to the sea.
2.After the end of the Northern War, Peter the Great declared war on Persia, partly fearing that the Turkish army would enter the Caspian Sea, and partly to seize access to the Black Sea. In the 61st year of the Kangxi reign (1722) and the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723), Debent, Baku, and the third largest city, Rasht, were captured successively. Turkey, deeply concerned about Russia's expansion, also invaded Iran, capturing Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia in northwestern Iran. In 1724, Russia signed the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire, dividing northern and northwestern Iran equally. Although Peter the Great conquered the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea, it was not until Catherine II that the task of entering the Black Sea was completed, as the Ottoman Empire was still in power.
In short, Kangxi was in the middle and late periods"Nine sons take the heir"Russia, which developed simultaneously, during the reign of Peter the Great, not only began to implement large-scale reforms, but also began to actively expand outward, providing a rare outlet for Russia's further development and success.