First of all, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty were of high quality and were more diligent than the emperors of the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, canceled the Zhongshu Province and the prime minister, and the imperial power reached an extreme level. But after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, due to the lack of government by most emperors. The imperial power, which was relatively poor in quality and institutionally concentrated, was not actually fully exercised by the emperor. Instead, it fell into the hands of eunuchs and scholars.
This was not the case in the Qing Dynasty, where the quality of the Qing emperors was relatively high due to the strict education system of the Qing imperial family. What is more important is diligence. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty was in charge of everything, and it was a strict "family law" for the Qing Dynasty emperor to exercise imperial power. In the handling of the question book, he went through each case, personally adjudicated and instructed, and never faked others. From this point of view, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty abolished the prime minister system, and the emperor exercised the real dictatorship from the system to the actual exercise of imperial power.
Secondly, the Qing Dynasty emperor also implemented the folding system, and the implementation of the folding system was another important embodiment of the expansion and strengthening of the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty.
It has the right to use the folding, which is wider than the scope of the advanced ** with the title book, and is expanded to the intermediate level**, which is an official document of the emperor to expand information, personally understand the political situation, and directly give instructions on the government affairs of **.
The first person to know is not the emperor, and the emperor must consider or respect the opinions of the cabinet to deal with the proposal, both of which make the emperor have a certain passivity in the handling of the government affairs of the question. The fold, is directly sent to the emperor, the first person to open the seal is also the first person to know is the emperor, for each fold, the emperor can take the initiative to deal with, some directly to the red pen instructions on the fold, completely by the emperor to instruct, sealed straight to the folder. In some cases, the emperor handed over the minister of military aircraft to help him deal with it, and the final instructions, that is, the edicts, were examined and approved by the emperor, and the decision was still made by the emperor. In addition, due to the one-line contact between the emperor and the folding, it has confidentiality, and the scope of political diffusion is also very small, which avoids some horizontal connections and collusion between the emperor, which not only ensures the realization of the emperor's will and the implementation of the imperial power, but also strengthens the emperor's control over the emperor.
Therefore, the use of the fold, the emperor expanded the understanding of information and the administrative situation, in this regard, put aside the cabinet, took the initiative and arbitrarily dealt with government affairs, and strengthened the control of the emperor, so that the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty was further expanded and strengthened than that of the Ming Dynasty.
Third, in terms of the selection of **.
In the Ming Dynasty, the election of ** will be promoted, and the officials and scholars play a great role in the election of **, and some powerful ministers form gangs and henchmen related to this, and the emperor is not easy to veto the so-called "will push" opinion of the people. In the Qing Dynasty, the abolition of the will be promoted, and the high-level ** vacancies, and the Ministry of Officials (later the Military Aircraft Department also participated) listed many qualified candidates limited by the system, and the emperor circled them, and the selection of an official mainly rested with the emperor. The elected officials are grateful for the monarch's imperial grace, and they also put an end to the way for powerful ministers to form parties in this regard.
Fourth, the relationship between the monarch and the minister in the Qing Dynasty was of a master-slave nature.
This is not only the reason for the extreme of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty, but also a manifestation of it. The banner people of the Qing Dynasty have to call themselves slaves to the emperor, originating from the slavery legacy of the Manchus, the Aixin Jueluo family has a private leadership for the eight banners, the emperor leads three flags, and the prince of the clan leads five flags, and the flag people have a personal affiliation with the royal family and the emperor and the family of the princes of the clan, that is, the master-slave relationship, the royal lord is the master, and the flag man is the slave.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, with the further integration of the Eight Banners into the Central Plains Dynasty's centralized system, the Lower Five Banners were not only the servants of the princes, but also became the emperor's slaves.
The Manchu people are like this, and the Han ** who is lower than the Manchus must also follow, so in the Qing Dynasty's monarchs and ministers, ** to meet the emperor and do things, they have to kneel under the emperor's throne, often a kneel is an hour or two, even if it is a university scholar and a minister of military aircraft. This kind of courtesy of monarchs and ministers is not found in the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty "has the ceremony of sitting with the three princes in ancient times", which means that the three princes are the prime minister-level ** and the emperor sit together to discuss politics.
Before the early years of Qianlong, ** and the emperor knelt on the brick ground, in the winter of the fifth year of Qianlong, the Qianlong Emperor saw the old minister and asked to kneel on the spot, trembling all over, only to be born a little compassion, ordered to add a felt mat "to show good gifts", add a cushion and kneel, even if it is the emperor's good courtiers.
The Manchu emperor demanded his subordinates with the concept of master and servile ministers, and as a slave, he must also be a slave, prostrate at the feet of the emperor, listen to the holy decree, absolutely obey, and dare not touch the imperial power. The more cruel *** makes the ** people frightened. The monarch's vassals and slaves are a special embodiment of the extreme strengthening of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty.
Fifth, the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department.
The Minister of Military Aircraft is part-time by other organs, and there is no statutory duty provision, and his duties are "assigned" by the emperor according to the needs of government affairs, and he returns to his unit to handle his own government affairs after finishing things every day, that is to say, his duties and the power embodied thereby are in the hands of the emperor, so although the Minister of Military Aircraft is in charge of the country's important affairs and is a prime minister-level figure, he only acts as the emperor's "secretary" and adviser, and does not have the statutory and independent exercise of the prime minister's power before the Ming Dynasty.