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To learn English, it is important to master the definite clause. The definite clause is also called the adjective clause, which can express the noun to be modified more accurately in the sentence, and make our sentence structure rich in variety. The following is a detailed summary from the aspects of the composition of definite clauses and the distinction of key words.
1. Types of definite clauses.
1) Relative pronoun-led definite clauses.
1. That : It can refer to a person or a thing, and be used as a subject, object or predicate in a clause.
For example: i bought a bike that was made in China
I bought a bicycle made in China.
That is the subject in the clause. ）
tom has got the new football that his father g**e to him yesterday.
Tom holds the new soccer ball that his father gave him yesterday.
That is an object in a clause. ）
he doesn't want to work as a teacher that he was ten years ago.
He no longer wants to be a teacher like he did ten years ago.
that is predicative in a clause. ）
which: Generally refers to things, including objects, animals and abstract nouns, etc., which are used as subjects, objects or predicates in clauses. You can refer to the example sentence above, in the definite clause guided by the referent, that can be replaced by which. which can be omitted as an object.
who refers to a person, as a subject, object or predicate in a clause.
Whom refers to a person, which is used as an object in a clause and can also be omitted.
Whose refers to the possessive case of a person or thing, means "who's", and is used as a definite clause in the clause.
As refers to a person or thing, which is used as a subject, object, or predicate in a clause.
but refers to a person or thing, which is used as a subject, object or predicate in a clause.
Note: whose+ noun = the+ noun + of which or of which + the+ noun when referring to something.
b) A definite clause guided by a relative adverb.
1. when: Do temporal adverbials in the clause.
For example: he left his hometown in the year when his father died
The year his father died, he left his hometown.
Here when is equivalent to in which. ）
Note: it this that + be + the first, second, last, time, that....You can only use that, not when. That can be omitted and the clause is completed accordingly.
2. where: make a place adverbial in the clause.
For example: this is the place where he was bornThis is where he was born.
Here where is equivalent to in which. ）
Note: When the antecedent is a vague place, such as pointSituation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job, etc
3. Why: Make a reason adverbial in the clause. The antecedent is reason.
For example: the reason why he left is why
The reason why he left was why.
Second, the use of key words.
a) Usage of as.
1.It is commonly used in the following structures: such....as; so…as; the same…as; as…as
Note: the same....as denotes the same class, different one.
the same…that means the same.
For example: I think the same as you do about this
I think the same thing as you about it.
she was wearing the same dress that i had on.
She wore the same dress as I did.
2. The difference between AS and which.
1) The location is different.
As can be placed after the main clause, before the main clause or in the middle of the main clause; Which can only be placed after the main clause.
2) As plays a connecting role, expressing the speaker's point of view and opinion, and pointing out the basis or source of the content of the main clause, which means "as, just like".
which is equivalent to a parallel sentence and can be replaced with and this, which means "this, this thing".
Note: As we know, as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before above, as might be excepted, as is often the case.
3) When used as the subject in a clause, which can be used as the subject of both the verb be and the subject of the substantive verb, while as can only be the subject of the verb be.
3. Usage of but.
1) But when used as a relative pronoun to guide a definite clause, it is generally used in a negative sentence, which is equivalent to who....not or that....not and which....not。This usage is a double negation to strengthen the tone.
For example: there is no man but wants to spend spring festival with family
There is no one who does not want to spend the Spring Festival with their family.
Equivalent to: there is no man who does not want to spend spring festival with family
Note that the original sentence uses wants.
there are few people but make mistakes.
There are very few people who don't make mistakes.
Equivalent to: there are few people who do not make mistakes
Note that the original sentence uses want
2) But when leading a definite clause, it is often possible to use the ellipsis form.
For example: no man but wants to spend spring festival with family
There is omitted.
few people but make mistakes.
There are omitted.
4. Only use that and not which case.
1) When the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun such as all, much, everything, nothing, something, anything, nothing, none, the one, etc.
2) When the antecedent is modified by only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very, right, etc.
3) When the antecedent is superlative, or is modified by the adjective superlative.
4) When the antecedent is ordinal or modified by ordinal words.
5) When the antecedent is a number.
6) When the antecedent refers to both a person and a thing.
7) If there are two definite clauses, one of the relative pronouns has been used which, and the other relative pronoun should be used that.
8) The main clause is of the there be structure, and the definite clause that modifies its subject should be used as a relative pronoun.
9) When the modified component is a predicate, or the relative pronoun itself is a predicate clause, the relative pronoun should be used that.
10) The antecedent is what, and the relative pronoun is that.
5. Only use which does not use that.
1) When the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun.
2) In a non-restrictive definite clause.
3) When the relative pronoun refers to the concept of the whole main clause.
6. Only use who and not that situation.
1) When the antecedent is one, ones, anyone, or those.
2) there be structure.
3) When the antecedent is a person and is followed by a longer modifier.
4) To avoid repetition or ambiguity.
5) When the antecedent is i, you, he, they, etc. (often used in proverbs).
6) Antecedent refers to the collective noun of the members.
7) Who can lead non-restrictive definite clauses.
8) Antecedents are anthropomorphic nouns.
9) The antecedent word is used when referring to a specific person, and the antecedent word is used to refer to a specific person.
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3. Prepositions and relative pronouns.
a) How to use the correct preposition.
1. It is determined according to the customary collocation of the verb in the definite clause.
2. It is determined according to the habitual collocation of the antecedent words.
3. Determine according to the meaning.
b) The position of the preposition when the relative pronoun is used as the object of the preposition.
1. Who and which can be placed between the antecedent and the clause together with the preposition, or the preposition can be placed after the relevant verb in the clause.
2. Phrasal verbs containing prepositions are generally not separated, and prepositions are still placed after verbs.
3. When the relative pronoun that is used as the object of a preposition in a clause, the preposition cannot be placed in front of it, but only after the relevant verb in the clause.
4. The relative pronoun whose can also be used as a prepositional object in a clause together with the noun it modifies.
5. The common forms of the structure of "noun, number, pronoun + preposition + relative pronoun" are: noun one two some none all both several many most a few a little the+ comparative the+ superlative....+of+which/whom。
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Fourth, the principle of subject-verb agreement in definite clauses.
1. When the relative pronoun is used as the subject of the clause, the personal and number of the predicate verb in the clause should be consistent with the antecedent, and when the antecedent is a sentence, the predicate verb of the subordinate clause should be in singular form.
2. When "one of + plural nouns" is located in front of the relative pronoun as a precedent, the relative pronoun is the subject in the clause, and the verb of the clause is usually plural, but when there are the, the only, the very and other modifications before one, the predicate verb of the clause should be singular.
5. When the way and time are followed by the clause.
1. When the antecedent is way, and it means "way, method", the relative words that guide the definite clause have the following three forms: that in which is not filled.
Note: Relative words must be adverbials in clauses. If the relative word is used as the subject or object in the clause, it is analyzed as a normal definite clause.
2. When the antecedent word is time, if time is said as "times", that should be used to guide the definite clause, and that can be omitted; If time is used as "for a period of time", the relative adverb when or the preposition at during+which should be used to guide the definite clause.
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