After some hard work, I finally put together three English dictionaries with the help of enthusiastic friends, which are Morrison's Chinese-English Dictionary in 1822 (a dictionary of the English language published by Noah Webster & Co. in the year of the Anglo-Chinese dictionary by the German missionary Luo Cunde in the third year).
Why these three dictionaries?
Because these three dictionaries happened to be written at the same timeTwo Opium WarsThe historical context of its expansion, enlargement, and revision can clearly see the trajectory of the development of English into a written language that can carry advanced scientific knowledge (including mathematics), and can also see the steps taken by Westerners to gradually sever the various connections between English and China.
The German Wilhelm Lobscheid (1822-1893), a missionary of the ** Chinese Missionary Society, went to Hong Kong in 1848 as a missionary, and in 1853 became the main head of the Chinese Evangelical Society in Hong Kong. He has written "A Brief Introduction to English Grammar" and "A Handbook of English and Chinese Travel". In 1866, Lo published a two-volume Anglo-Chinese Dictionary in Hong Kong, which can be regarded as the earliest bilingual dictionary in Hong Kong. The Anglo-Chinese Dictionary was published in October 1866 with its first volume (part), and since then it has continued to be published at a rate of one volume per year, and by 1869 the Anglo-Chinese Dictionary had been published in four volumes. It is bound in four volumes and two volumes (excluding the one-volume bound volume that has been rebound in Japan).
What I have found is the first volume (Part I) of 1866, which has a total of 602 pages, and only goes to Part C, but it is enough to explain some problems.
Below, let's use these three dictionaries to make a comparative analysis.
First of all, we warmly welcomeApollo, the sun god of the WestAppearances!
Come, show your true identity, Apollo.
In the 1822 Morrison Chinese-English Dictionary, page 27, the term Apollo does not yet appear. At the same time, the author noticed that there is a word apostle, which is interpreted as "apostle", so it can be seen that stle is the pronunciation of the Chinese "apostle" (sze too). Keep this in mind for now, and later it can be used to hack "Aristotle".
In 1866, the English word "Apollo" was finally based on the Chinese language, according to page 69 of the Anglo-Chinese Dictionary (Volume 1) of the German missionary Luo Cunde"The name of the god of civil and martial arts".was created. Yes, at that time, it was not the sun god Apollo, nor was it a beautiful man, but a "civil and military god name".
If you compare the contents of two dictionaries from different periods, you will find that in 1866 Luo Cunde created many new words based on the Chinese language, and the content is obviously much richer than Morrison's Anglo-Chinese dictionary in 1822. For example, in Morrison's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary (Book 3) in 1822, the word "apologize" and other related words were absent, but in 1866 Luo Cunde's Chinese-English Dictionary (Volume 1) appeared.
Aristotle is also not found on page 29 of Morrison's Chinese-English Dictionary of 1822. It can be seen that the name Aristotle had not yet been coined at this time.
On page 83 of this 1866 Anglo-Chinese Dictionary, the name of the ancient Greek sage Aristotle is also not found, and the closest word to Aristotle is the Chinese medicinal herb Aristolachia.
Since Xuanhusuo is a unique Chinese medicinal material, it is impossible for Britain to have a native English vocabulary about Xuanhusuo, which once again shows that Westerners are "creating English words" through Chinese, that is, creating English words through the translation of Chinese words.
So, combining stle is the pronunciation of "apostle", and aristo is the prefix of "title", to some extent, aristo-tle can also be understood as"Knighthood". And because arise has the meaning of getting up and resurrecting, aris-totle can also be understood as "resurrected apostle" and "apostle standing up".
Even if one wants to put Aristotle on the next word "arithmetic", it is a bit problematic, because the explanation of the word clearly reads:Mathematics, Nine Returns, Abacus, Arithmetic, ......
Even if other explanations can clear up the relationship, there is a connection between such an obvious explanation as "learning abacus" and Huaxia, right?
In 1872, Noah Webster's English dictionary "A Dictionary of the English Language", p. 38Aristotle as an explanation, first appearing in the English dictionary, is finally portrayed as a famous Greek philosopher.
As mentioned in the previous article (see "Telling the World Scholar Book [I]: The Chinese Origin of Linear Algebra, Aliens Are Barbarians) for details).The word "algebra" did not appear in Morrison's Chinese-English Dictionary of 1822. Without this word, there would be no mathematical definition of algebra, and how can we develop the study of algebra and produce one profound "imperial masterpiece" after another? How can those Western scientists who have become famous with these imperial works become gods?
1866 Luo Cunde, Anglo-Chinese Dictionary, p. 43The term algebra was coined for the first time, but unfortunately, the interpretation at this time is "algorithm".It is not "algebra" at all, and there is no explanation and definition of mathematical terms for algebra. If, according to the narrative of Western history, this word was transmitted from Arabia very early and is a very important word, then, in a few hundred years, it is only right that the explanation of the mathematical term of this word should be very detailed, but this is not reflected in Morrison's "Chinese-English Dictionary" in 1822 and Luo Cunde's "English-Chinese Dictionary" in 1866, which is obviously inconsistent with the facts.
In fact, the mathematical explanation of the word algebra only "just" appeared on page 18 of the English dictionary "A Dictionary of the English Language" published by Noah Webster's Company in 1872. In particular, the definition of "math" is indicated in the explanation:
that branch of analysis whose object is to investigate the relations and properties of numbers by means of letters and other symbols.
Something to the effect of:(Algebra) is a branch of (mathematical) analysis whose purpose is to study the relationships and properties of numbers through letters and other symbols.
After 1872, Westerners redefined the mathematical term explanation of the word "algebra" on this basis, and had the following definition:
Algebra, a branch of mathematics in which arithmetic relations are generalized and represented by letter symbols, variables, or other mathematical entities (such as vectors and matrices) that represent numbers, and letter symbols are combined, especially when equations are formed according to specified laws. ”
Today, the interpretation of the term "algebra" as defined by Westerners has evolved again, and algebra has become a branch of mathematics that studies the general solutions and properties of numbers, quantities, relations, structures, and algebraic equations (groups), and the specific definitions have become more and more complex.
Interestingly, the word algebra in English has the same cognate as German and French, and actually refers to the same word.
On page 43 of Luo Cunde's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary of 1866, it can also be found that there is an ironclad connection between many words and Huaxia.
For example, the word alchymist, which is interpreted as "one who refines the elixir", "one who refines the elixir", "one who refines the elixir", "one who burns the elixir and refines mercury". Another word related to it is alchymy, which is "the way of refining the elixir", "the matter of the Danzao", "the alchemy spell", "the method of alchemy"."The art of turning iron into gold".
Perhaps, because such words are so closely related to Huaxia, in modern English, it is generally impossible to find the above two words alchymist and alchymy,—— they have "transformed" it, alchymist becomes alchemist (turning y into e), and alchymy becomes alchemy in the same way, as for the explanation, of course, it is to eliminate any elements related to Huaxia.
Comparing the two, can you still see the relationship between these two words and Huaxia? The explanation only leaves alchemists, alchemists, etc., and alchemy, with special alchemy"Seen in the Middle Ages, trying to refine ordinary metals into **" can be seen to have the slightest relationship with China?
But, wait, in 1866, Luo Cunde's "Anglo-Chinese Dictionary" in the explanation of "the art of turning iron into gold" originated from traditional Chinese culture, how did it become the technique of "seen in the Middle Ages, trying to smelt ordinary metals into **"?
The author checked the famous Oxford dictionary again and found that the original words alchymist and alchymy still exist, but there is no connection with China in their explanations.
Words like alchemy, alchemist and so on will certainly be retained, otherwise, how to describe and describe Father Newton as an alchemist?
Interestingly, on page 43 of Luo Cunde's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary in 1866, the author also found a familiar word "alcohol", which is interpreted in modern English as "alcohol", "ethanol", and "alcoholic beverages". But what does it mean in the first place? It turned out to be "extremely strong sake".
Note that the French word for alcohol, ethanol, is cognate with English, and its spelling is:“alcool”。
When was alcohol (ethanol) invented?
According to the narrative of Western history, the world's written records about alcohol,It first appeared 1100 years agoAt that time, pure alcohol was distilled for the first time in Italy.
It was first measured in 1784 by the French chemist Antoinelaurent L**Oisier (1743-1794).Ethanolelemental composition.
It was first completed in 1807 by the Swiss chemist Nicolas Theodore de Saussure (1767-1845).EthanolThe elemental composition analysis was determinedEthanolchemical formula.
In 1825, the British chemist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) prepared it synthetically for the first timeEthanolHe gave the sulfuric acid solution to the British scientist Henry Hennell, and in 1826 he discovered that there was ethyl sulfuric acid in it.
In 1858, the British chemist Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892) proposedEthanolThe original structural formula, the Cooper ** formula.
The author's question is that in 1866, the word alcohol did not even have the interpretation of "ethanol" and "alcohol" (before it was created), how did French chemists determine the elemental composition of ethanol in 1784? In 1807, the Swiss chemist Saussure, the British chemist Faraday in 1825, and the British chemist Cooper in 1858, used what words to describe ethanol and write about it?
Not to mention the "first" distillation of pure alcohol in Italy in 1100 BC.
The careful thinking of Westerners can also be seen from the order of interpretation of the word alien.
For the word alien,Yiren".The explanation of the Anglo-Chinese Dictionary in 1822 was originally ranked first in Morrison's "Chinese-English Dictionary" in 1822, and in 1866 the "Anglo-Chinese Dictionary" of the German missionary Luo Cunde was derogatoryThe explanation was moved to the end.
In modern English, the interpretation of the word alien has eliminated the interpretation of Yi and Fan, and added "tall" aliens, and the technical means are ——Remove the derogatory color and increase the positive color.
On page 43 of Luo Cunde's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary of 1866, there are some particularly worthy of analysis.
For example, the mood particle alas. In modern English, alas means "sigh" or "sigh", with a sense of sadness or regret, but there is no connection with Huaxia.
However, on page 43 of Luo Cunde's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary in 1866, the author found that the original interpretation of the word was as follows"Woe", "woohoo", "groan", "sigh", "hee".And so on,"Woohoo lament", "sigh", "hee", but anyone who has studied classical Chinese knows that this is a traditional expression of Chinese literature, which can be described as "clear at a glance". Therefore, such a connection is too obvious, and it is necessary to eliminate the explanations such as "woohoo lament", "woohoo", "hee-hee", etc., and finally only keep "sigh" as a commentary.
In addition, there is another word that also shows the strong connection with Huaxia, and it is ale-conner, which is interpreted as "county lord".
What is a "county lord"?
The county lord is the title of the royal woman. The emperors and daughters of the Eastern Han Dynasty are all princesses of the county. Until the Sui and Tang dynasties, the prince's daughter could be crowned the county lord. Common county lord titles include Le'an, Qingping, Penglai, Rong'an, Qixia, Shouguang, etc. The author set up a heroine role in the tetralogy of "Kunyu Jisheng", which is the daughter of King Ning - the county lord of Le'an.
Therefore, when I encounter the word county lord with Chinese colors in the English dictionary, the author will inevitably take a few more looks.
So, will modern English retain such a vocabulary that exposes the relationship between English and China?
The answer is:Definitely not.
In modern English, the term aleconner has been largely used indiscriminately, equating to abandonment, and only the web paraphrasing interprets it as:"Liquor Inspector".
The author is very curious about how the world-famous "Oxford Dictionary" will explain this, and I checked the explanation of the Oxford Dictionary:Appointed by a court or other local authority** to carry out the appraisal of the brewed malt liquor (and sometimes toast).（an officer appointed by a court leet or other local authority to test for the assize [assize, n. i.4] the ale brewed (and sometimes the bread baked）。
On page 43 of Luo Cunde's Anglo-Chinese Dictionary in 1866, there is an English word "albion", which is explained as:Ancient British name.
However, to this day, it is estimated that the vast majority of people have not heard of this so-called ancient British name. Generally speaking, when it comes to Britain, it is either the British Empire or the greatest Britain, and have you ever heard that Britain has an ancient name "Albion"?
What the hell is going on?
Looking at the explanation in today's English, albion is transliterated as "Albion", and there is no explanation of the ancient English name at all, only the example sentences can see the hidden relationship with England. So why did Britain abandon this ancient name?
With such a question, the author continued to trace back and found that there is another word next to the word "albion", which is called "albino", which is interpreted as "white". The combination of letters is somewhat similar, but it doesn't seem to be much on the face of it, until I look up the meaning of albino in modern English.
In modern English, albino is interpreted as:"People with albinism", not "white people".
I'm sorry, but when I saw that Albino had been altered from the original meaning of "white" in 1866 to "albinism" today, I really couldn't help but ............ with a thudLaughed.
I see, no wonder the Westerners want to abandon the ancient British name Albion (Albion) with disgust, otherwise, when later generations see it, they will immediately associate the "albino" with the United Kingdom, which makes Britain lose face?
However, after such a change, there is an equation inadvertently:albino = a person with albinism = a white person (original).
This is the result of being changed by Westerners, and others can't influence it. In this regard, the author can only give a thumbs up:You're really good at having fun!
[Off topic].
Sci-fi ** "Psionic 4996" The first book "The Wind Rises in the West"., WeChat Reading has been launched.
If anyone is interested, you can leave a message and add WeChat, and then pull a group to count how many copies are printed for the first time (after signing a contract with the publisher, conditions permit, may be pre-sold). If this success goes well, we will continue to publish three volumes of "Reflections on the Sea" and four volumes of "Unveiling the Mystery of Western Pseudo-History" (possibly renamed).
"Pearl Dust: Little-known Chinese Science and Technology and Culture" work introduction:
China does not only have the "Four Great Inventions", but the "Four Great Inventions" is just a misunderstanding of "generalizing from one side to the other".
In the long history of 5,000 years, from ancient times to the present, the Chinese have created countless scientific and technological inventions with their own labor and wisdom, and countless skilled craftsmen and scientists with the courage to practice have emerged.
The book focuses on many inventions and creations of Chinese origin, including but not limited to telescopes, cameras, microscopes, phonographs, thermometers, bicycles, computers, pianos, and the world's first modern airplane. Not only that, but even games such as poker and Monopoly are inventions originating from China.
What do you think? Surprised?
In addition, the book also details some long-neglected Chinese ancestors, such as Gan De, Shi Shen, Tang Shunzhi, Zhu Zaiyu, Huang Shang, Huang Jialiu, etc., and details their contributions to the astronomical calendar, physics, language and many other aspects and the influence of world history.
China is not only an ancient civilization, but also a "scientific and technological power" that has been applying what it has learned since ancient times and has always taken the technological route. This may be very different from the backward image of "closing off the country" that has been formed after a hundred years of backwardness in modern times.
I hope that through the introduction of such a book, everyone can re-understand the greatness of Chinese culture and technology.
Sparks one after another, dare to dream
It is hoped that through the Chinese history and culture sorted out in the tetralogy of "Kunyu Jisheng", we can strengthen our self-cultivation and raise our understanding, so as to resist the intrusion of foreign dross (from ancient times to the Song Dynasty).WeChat reading, Dangdang, palm reading (Huawei mobile phone reading), starting point, Zhihu, QQ reading];
I hope that through "These Things in the Ming Dynasty: The Magnificent History That Was Erased", as well as the Western History Identification Series, the mystery will be broken, and more people will be awakened to recognize the history of the modern three or four hundred years of this world (from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty).Himalaya is online.
HopefullySci-fi ** "Psionic 4996".On the basis of realistic science and technology, the six-part series remembers the humiliating history of modern times, marches towards the highland of science fiction, looks forward to the future, shapes a new image of China standing tall in the world, creates a grand science fiction universe for Chinese, and allows more people to see the direction led by culture and science and technology, and embarks on a human road belonging to China (now to the future). WeChat Reading has been launched "The Wind Rises in the West".