Hakka people, the four seas are home
The Central Plains old people, migrating famous guests. Cross the river into Fujian, and turn to the seashore. ”
Luoyang used to be the place with the largest concentration of scholars in the country, and the Hakka clans with many county wangtang numbers had their paternal chromosomes originating from the Minguang region of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was 1,700 years ago.
The Hakka people are the only group in the Fujian-Guangzhou region that has more than 2,000 years of southward migration gene clusters.
The Hakka people, a unique Han ethnic group, originated from the Yellow River valley in history and were formed through five great migrations. The first migration began from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the period of the two Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, in order to escape the war and foreign invasions, they crossed the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and moved to Suzhou, Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other places.
The second migration occurred after the Huangchao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, when the Hakka ancestors moved to the southeast of Jiangxi and the west of Fujian, and some of them also entered the Guangdong region.
The Hakka Migration: Three Migrations and Their Profound Impacts" In the long course of history, the migration of the Hakka people has been full of hardships and challenges, but their tenacity and perseverance are also deeply admired.
Among them, the third migration was particularly important, which occurred in the late Song Dynasty when the Mongol iron cavalry moved southward, and this part of the Hakka ancestors moved southward into eastern and northern Guangdong. However, the original "Hakka" was not called that.
Under the household registration system of the Song Dynasty, the household registration was divided into "master" and "guest", and the ancestors of the Cantonese and Teochew language families were the "masters" in Guangdong, and the later ones were "guests".
Therefore, "Hakka people" are also called "Hakka people", and this title has also been handed down. These migrations have had a profound impact on the culture, customs, and way of life of the Hakka people.
No matter where they are, the tenacity and perseverance of the Hakka people deserve our learning and respect.
Shenzhen's Crane Lake New Residence is one of the most important settlements for the Hakka people in China. The Hakka do not refer to a specific ethnic group, but to displaced peasants who only became a group after the tenth century.
According to Han Suyin, the author of the article "The Origin of the Hakka People and Their Migration Process", from the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Hakka people have roughly settled in the Guangdong-Fujian-Jiangxi Delta region, and gradually formed their own unique language, folk customs and cultural concepts, and the Hakka culture has also developed steadily.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka area at the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong developed rapidly, the population and land demand increased, and the Qing ** implemented the immigration policy, and the Hakka people began to migrate to central Guangdong, eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places, which was the fourth migration of the Hakka people.
By the middle of the 19th century, the Hakka population in western Guangdong had surged, and the Qing Dynasty once again ordered some Hakka people to migrate to the mountainous areas of western Guangdong, the Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, and Guangxi.
On this basis, the Hakka people based in Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou) in Guangdong Province moved to a large number of provinces in South China and even around the world, so Meizhou is respected as the "Hakka capital of the world".
This stage is considered the "sixth great migration" of the Hakka people.
Explore the historical relics of Meizhou School Palace and savor the antique cultural atmosphere. **pexels。
The statue of Kuixing in Meizhou, from Pexels**.
Due to its geographical proximity, Southeast Asia has become a veritable "Chinese backyard", and the Hakka people continue to migrate here. In Indonesia's West Kalimantan Province, there was a large republic of Lanfang that existed for more than 100 years, and it was the first republic founded by overseas Chinese.
In 1770, Luo Fangbo, a Hakka from Meixian County, Guangdong, came to West Kalimantan, established the Lanfang Company, and set its capital in Pontianak, renamed the Lanfang Republic, and 1777 was the first year of Lanfang.
The head of state is the "guest chief of the Tang Dynasty", and adopts a consultative democratic parliamentary system to deal with national affairs, which is somewhat similar to the modern democratic parliamentary system.
Luo Fangbo (1738-1795), formerly known as Fangbai, Hakka, was born in Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong Province, was the first Chinese in Chinese history and the founder of the Lanfang Republic.
After the establishment of the Republic of Lanfang, he bowed to the Qing Dynasty and requested that the western part of Kalimantan Island be incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty. However, Emperor Qianlong regarded them as abandoned ** subjects and did not recognize them.
Later, the Sino-French War broke out, and the Netherlands took the opportunity to defeat the Republic of Lanfang in 1888, and the Hakka state that had existed for nearly a century came to an end.
1.Understand the content of the copy: The text describes the Republic of Lanfang in the western part of Kalimantan and its affiliated kingdom of Daiyan, as well as the kingdom of Daiyan, another Hakka country in Borneo, whose leaders are all members of the Tiandihui.
Wu Yuansheng, the leader of the Dai Yan Kingdom, was a Hakka family in Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong, who went to Nanyang during the Qianlong era and established the Jusheng Company, and later became the king of Dai Yan. But in the mid-19th century, the kingdom of Daiyan fell into the hands of the Dutch and perished.
In addition, the copywriter also mentioned that Sarawak, which is now located in Malaysia, also had a Hakka country - Shilongmen 12 Company, and the leader was Liu Shanbang.
Liu Shanbang established the Hakka gang organization Yixing Association, and renamed it the Twelfth Company, and established an independent autonomy with jurisdiction over more than 4,000 people. However, in 1857, the Shilongmen Incident broke out, and the Chinese workers failed to fight against the Brooke Kingdom, and the 27-year-old Twelve Company perished.
Today, the majority of Sarawak Chinese are Hakka, and Hakka is the dominant Chinese dialect in the region. 2.New copywriting generation: Copywriting ** Hakka history and culture in Southeast Asia.
These areas include the Republic of Lanfang in the western part of Kalimantan, the Kingdom of Dai Yan in Borneo, and Sarawak in Malaysia. The Dai Yan Kingdom and the Shilongmen Twelve Companies were both independent and autonomous organizations established by Hakka leaders, but neither of them escaped the fate of being ruled by foreign forces.
Despite this, the Hakka people still left their culture and language in these areas, becoming an important part of the local Chinese community.
In the three kingdoms of Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, there are many Hakka leaders. Yalai, the hero of the opening of Kuala Lumpur and an important leader during the Great Chinese Migration, made great contributions to the development of the city.
Political management, the traditional arts of the Hakka people. Lee Kuan Yew, a descendant of the Hakka people and the founding father of Singapore, has been at the helm of the Lion City for more than 30 years. Thaksin Shinawatra and Yingluck, descendants of the Hakka people in Fengshun, have served as prime ministers of Thailand, and although they have gone into exile, their influence still exists.
In the long history, the Hakka people have made important contributions to the development of Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand with their outstanding political talents.
Ke Yuk Chi is Lee Kuan Yew's wife.
Although Indonesia has a history of Chinese exclusion, the status of Chinese has improved in recent years. The first Chinese-born chief, Zhong Wanxue, was from Meizhou Hakka, and was the head of the Jakarta Special Administrative Region from 2014 to 2017.
Now he is the chairman of the Indonesian state oil company. There are 8 million Hakka people in Indonesia, mainly in Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan and other places.
Zhong Wanxue. **Wikipedia Guangdong has a saying that "Hakka people are good for politics, Chaoshan people are good for business, and Cantonese people are good for life", while in Nanyang, Hakka people unite the Chinese community in the form of guilds and actively participate in local economic and social construction.
Outside of the Nanyang region, the Hakka people are also looking for new places to live around the world. The Dutch East India Company occupied South Africa in 1652 and, in 1658, in the absence of labor, exiled Chinese prisoners from Batavia to South Africa, most of whom had been reduced to "criminals" because of debts.
Subsequently, a group of Hakka laborers from Meixian, Nanhai and Shunde in Guangdong Province crossed the ocean to Africa to make a living. In addition, Mauritius, which is next to South Africa, has also seen an influx of Hakka migrant workers, among which Mauritius is more distributed.
Mauritius was once a French colony, but later became a British colony in 1814, and the British began to import large numbers of Chinese workers from China, most of whom came from Meixian.
Among them, Zhu Meilin is a name that must be mentioned.
Once a barren land, Mauritius is now a tourist destination in the Indian Ocean. All these changes are inseparable from the contribution of one Chinese, that is, Zhu Meilin.
His father, Zhu Weixun, came here from Meixian in 1870, while he himself opened a convenience store in 1931. Chu Mei Lin not only expanded the convenience store into a multi-sectoral company, but also became the chairman of the Mauritius Chinese Entrepreneurs Association.
During World War II, he led the Chinese in the country to form the Homeland Defense Corps to bravely resist Japanese aggression. After the end of World War II, Chu Meilin represented the Chinese community in key positions such as the Legislative Council, and his contributions paved the way for the modernization of Mauritius.
Chu Mei Lin, a Hakka sage, has his portrait printed on Mauritian banknotes. This is to commemorate his outstanding contribution to the promotion of democracy and the development of the economy in the country.
In addition, Mauritius** also issued a special commemorative banknote in 1999. Chu Mei Lin's influence was so great that there was a street named after him in Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius.
This fully proves that the Hakka people have made great contributions to the development of this small island nation in East Africa.
Although far from their homeland, some countries in Central and South America are also inhabited by Hakka people. Most of these Hakka were sent to the colonies of Western powers in South America in the 17th century as indentured Chinese laborers.
And today's Suriname, a South American country formerly known as Dutch Guiana, was a colony of the Dutch West India Company. In the 17th century, the Dutch migrated the Chinese from Indonesia to Suriname for construction and development, and the Hakka people immigrated here from Indonesia for the second time.
To this day, Hakka is still the main language in Suriname, and the Chinese New Year was officially designated as an official holiday in March 2014.
In 1847, the number of indentured Chinese workers introduced to Cuba by the Spaniards reached 120,000, and they made a great contribution to the economic construction of Cuba. In addition, many people of Chinese descent actively participated in and played an important role in the Cuban War of Independence, including General Shao Zhenghe, one of the elders of the Cuban revolution, who was a Hakka.
Between 1853 and 1866, more than 2,000 Hakka people came to Trinidad and Tobago, a Caribbean island nation, as indentured Chinese laborers, to contribute to the local sugar cane plantations and cocoa plantations.
After Trinidad and Tobago gained independence from the British, its first head of state was the Hakka Solomon Hochoy. It is rich in oil and gas, and thanks to the Hakka people's local operations, Trinidad and Tobago has become the richest country in the Caribbean.
Later, from 1953, the British brought Hakka people from Guangdong as indentured Chinese laborers to British Guiana to do labor. These Hakka people not only settled down in Guyana, but also converted to Catholicism.
Guyana's first successor after independence was Arthur Raymond Chung.
Arthur Chung, born in 1918 and died in 2008, was the first official ** of Guyana, serving from 17 March 1970 to 6 October 1980.
He was the first Chinese to serve as a ** in a country outside Asia, and he was also a Hakka. The Hakka people are a group full of stories, and in the long history, they have traveled all over the world, with their own hands, to carve out a world of their own in a new land.
What the Hakka sages left to future generations was not gold and silver wealth, but their diligent, frugal and brave spirit.