Why is the Shang Dynasty also called the Yin Dynasty? Because in the Zhongding period, the Shang Dynasty broke out in the Ninth Rebellion, and the clan fought because of the competition for the throne, and Zhongding moved the capital from Bodu to Huan; He Jiajia moved the capital of the Shang Dynasty from Huancheng to Xiang; Zu Yi moved the capital to Pi; Nangeng moved the capital of the Shang Dynasty from Pi to Xiang, and in the Pangeng era, the state of the Shang Dynasty was moved to Yin, which is today's Huanbei**.
The Shangshu records the speeches of the Shang king Pan Geng to his subjects, which are divided into three parts, which not only explain the reasons for moving the capital, but also the political turmoil in the middle of the Shang Dynasty.
The article begins with a description of the reasons why the merchants opposed the relocation of the capital."My king comes, that is, the house is in Z, the people are important, and there is no end to Liu. Can't Xu Kuang make a living, divination, and say that it is like a platform? The first king was obedient, and he adhered to the mandate of heaven, and he was still not at peace; It is not often in the five states of today. Now do not inherit the ancients, ignorant of the fate of the sky, and say that it is the martyrdom of the previous kings? If there is a tiller for the tree, the sky will always be in Zixinyi, and the great cause of the first king will be restored, and the Quartet will be restored"In fact, there are a lot of people here, just a core point: I don't want to continue to move, because the Shang Dynasty has changed five national capitals before, and it can indeed correspond to the statement of the bamboo book chronicle, the Shang Dynasty has indeed changed five national capitals until Pangeng moved the capital to Yindi, and these five Shang Dynasty countries are: Bodu, Huandu, Xiangdu, Pidu, and Xiandu.
In these three speeches, Pan Geng said why it was necessary to move the capital, mainly for two reasons, first: political turmoil, and second: the natural environment.
There is no need to dare to ambush the villain! "Don't let anyone oppose the relocation of the capital under the banner of the common people!
Just like the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao and Emperor Peter the Great of Russia forcibly implemented reforms, the monarch's imposition of a certain policy with his personal will carries a certain intention of centralization, which may also be understood as a means of asserting authority. Just as Zhao Wuling, King Zhao Yong, said to the important minister Feiyi."Jane, the martyrdom of Xiang, the benefits of Hu and Zhai. Those who are ministers have the festival of filial piety and filial piety, and have the business of supplementing the people and benefiting the lord, and the two ministers are also divided. Now I want to follow the traces of the Lord of Xiang, open in the hometown of Hu and Zhai, and I will not see it when I die. For the enemy to be weak, with less effort and more merit, you can do the work of the people without doing the work of the people, and the order of the ancients. Those who have the merits of the high world bear the burden of the world; Those who have the wisdom to worry about it will let the people resent. Now I will ride and shoot Hufu to teach the people, and the world will discuss the widows, what can I do? "It can be seen that Hufu cavalry and archery is not a simple military reform, but also to emphasize the duty of the courtiers to avoid being arrogant to the people."Bad people"Impact".Those who are ministers have the festival of filial piety and filial piety, and have the business of supplementing the people and benefiting the lord, and the two ministers are also divided.
Pan Geng said afterward".Not to be self-absurd, only to be virtuous, not to one person, to watch the fire, to give also clumsy, to do is easyThe meaning of this sentence is: It's not that I'm unwilling to appoint the old people, but that you don't show me your virtues, and I observe the form as keenly as the flame, so I have to plan ahead. It's really quite subtle here, and the bad thing is: you don't want to listen to me, I know very well in my heart, so I have to find a solution.
This intention can be said to be seen in the pan geng, and the dagger is poor."Alack! I tell you today: It's not easy! Forever respect the big shirt, no Xu is far away! Thou shalt divide thy thoughts into one another, and thou shalt set them in the heart. It is unlucky, irreverent, and temporarily encountering adultery, and I am annihilated, without leaving any child, and without easy planting in Zixinyi"If someone does anything wrong, then I, Pangeng, as the great monarch of the Shang Dynasty, will."Annihilate it"Not only thatAnnihilate itIt is also necessary to completely wipe out their family.
From here, we can also see the sequelae of the turmoil brought by the Ninth Rebellion to the Shang Dynasty, which is recorded in the historical records of Yin Benji".Since Zhongding, the abolition of the descendants and the more set up the **, or compete for the standing, than the ninth chaos, so the princes Mo Dynasty"It can be seen that the turmoil of the ** regime made the Shang Dynasty weaker, and the Lanyi in the east also posed a huge threat to the Yin Shang regime, and the decline of the Shang Dynasty may actually be earlier."Wo Ding Bang, younger brother Tai Geng, is for Emperor Tai Geng. Emperor Tai Geng collapsed, and the son of Emperor Xiao Jiali. Emperor Xiaojia collapsed, and his younger brother Yongji was established, which was for Emperor Yongji, Yin Dao declined, and the princes or not"At this time, it was the beginning of the migration of the Yin people and the beginning of the Ninth Rebellion, and Woding was the grandson of Taijia, who had been imprisoned by Yi Yin.
There is a record in the annals that says".Diyang Jiabang, brother Pan Gengli, is for Emperor Pan Geng. When Emperor Pangeng was in Hebei, Yin had already been in Hebei, Pangeng crossed Henan, and resettled in the former residence of Chengtang, which was five moves, and there was no fixed place. Yin people are all resentful and do not want to migrate. Pan Gengnai told the princes and ministers: The ancestors of Chengtang and Er have determined the world after the high school, and the law can be repaired. How can you become virtuous! It was then involved in Henan, governing Bo, and practicing the politics of Tang, and then the people were revived by Ning and Yindao. The princes came to the court, and they followed the virtue of the soupPangeng retreated from the north of the Yellow River to the south of the Yellow River, and from then until the Battle of Muye, the political situation of the Shang Dynasty began to stabilize, and by the time of the Shang King Wuding, the Shang Dynasty's national power ushered in its first peak.
Then there is the question of the natural environment and production, and in the country of this era, the national capital is definitely the most elite part of a regime, and at the same time the absolute core of the ruler. Therefore, the natural environment and production conditions must be taken into account.
Pan Geng later questioned those who opposed the relocation of the capital."The ancient kings of the past will have more than the previous achievements, suitable for the mountain, with the use of the fierce to subdue me, and the virtue of the achievements in the state. Now our people are dissolved and separated, and there is no fixed pole, so do you say that I will shake the people to move? The meaning of this sentence translated into modern Chinese is: Now that our people are displaced and cannot live and work in peace and contentment, you are actually asking me why I want to move the capital? This sentence also mentions the ancestors of Yin Shang"Fit for the mountains".That is, to move the capital to the highlands, why move the capital to the highlands? It can only be said that it is threatened by flooding.
And before that, clues about natural disasters can be found."Yin descended and abused, the first king did not conceive of the trouble, depending on the use of the people, you Hofu read my ancient news? Inherit you and you are only happy to be healthy, and you are not to blame than to be punished. If you call on the new city of Huaizi, but also because of you, to follow the aspirations"Yin descended and abused, that is, the merchants suffered a rare disaster, forcing the ancestors of Pangeng to move their capitals.
So we can also see the political turmoil and institutional immaturity of the early state.