Counting nine severe cold and heavy snowfall, how did the ancient literati chant poems, compose, write and paint in the study, how did they keep warm from the cold?
Yinzhen Xingle Album - Fireside Viewing Book".
Black lacquer depicts the gold landscape pavilion figure hand stove.
Qing Yongzheng's "Yanghetang system" blue and white glaze red eight immortals warm wine jug.
Zhengde style blue sea Tengjiao copper warm inkstone.
Green ant new brew wine, red clay small stove
Zhan Jingfeng, a famous calligrapher and painter in the Ming Dynasty, said after the volume of "Cursive Thousand Character Text": "In December of Wanli Ding You, the weather is cold and snowy, Gu Ji is on the pen and inkstone, but it is not frozen, the good guest is here, the black salary is in the furnace, and the pineapple fairy tea is in the pot ......Because there was a brazier with black charcoal and a stove for boiling tea, the pen inkstone did not freeze, so I took advantage of the interest to write "Thousand Character Text".
The Palace Museum has a collection of "Yinzhen Xingle Atlas - Fireside Viewing Book". The picture depicts Yinzhen dressed in Han literati costumes, sitting by a brazier and concentrating on reading. He held a book in his right hand, stilted Erlang's legs, and stepped on the edge of the brazier, in which the charcoal fire was flourishing, and there was also a copper chopstick, also called fire chopsticks, which was used to pluck the charcoal. The treasure cabinet contains ancient Yi vessels, rare books and handscrolls of calligraphy and painting that were preferred by the literati; Tea sets and food boxes are placed on the coffee table; Outside the gate are plum blossoms that bloom in the cold. The whole picture is a peaceful, warm and comfortable scene, which is in line with the artistic conception of "The Story of the Mountain Dwelling" in the second volume of the "Joy Collection": "The snow is full of the atrium, the moon is full of the atrium, and a pine fire is warm. I read the medical book, and then read the Danjing. "The brazier in the painting was an essential heating device in the ancient study.
It is said that braziers have been used since the Three Kingdoms period and have a history of more than 2,000 years. Braziers were first made of mud, which is characterized by slow heat transfer but very good warmth. Later, braziers made of iron and copper were introduced. The shape of the brazier is mainly round, the size is different, its diameter is mostly fifty or sixty centimeters, and some are also engraved with auspicious flowers on the side of the pot. Princes and nobles often used braziers made of copper and burned charcoal for heating. The Tang Dynasty poet Song Zhiwen wrote a poem "Winter Night Zhilin Pavilion" when he was on duty in the secretary province of Miyagi, which wrote: "The straight matter is covered in three provinces, and the seven gates are closed. The wide court is pity, and the deep house is warm. ”
The poet Bai Juyi lived in seclusion in Luoyang in his later years, and on a snowy night, he wrote an invitation for the scholar to give to his friend Liu Shijiu, inviting him to come to the study for a drink. The invitation is written in this sentence that we are familiar with now: "Green ants make new wine, red clay small stove." If you want snow in the evening, can you drink a glass of nothing? ”
Pine ash cage warm sleeve prophet
The brazier burns charcoal, which is also used in the hand stove. The Palace Museum has a collection of the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty "black lacquer depicting gold landscape pavilion picture hand furnace", the hand stove as a whole is oblong, the shape of the beam curved and the shape of the furnace body is very coordinated. The black lacquer background depicts different landscape scenes with gold lacquer. The composition of the picture is exquisite, the layout is sparse, and the distant mountains and rocks, pavilions, pavilions, trees, and birds are all depicted in detail. The beautiful landscape is condensed in every square inch, revealing an ethereal and far-reaching artistic conception. The trim is painted with gold lacquer to depict the entwined floral pattern, and the copper gall is hung on the edge of the mouth. The cover is a dense mesh made of copper wire, and there is a round hole at the bottom for heat dissipation. The Qing Dynasty royal hand stove is generally very exquisite, the production process is colorful, the material has lacquerware, enamel and other varieties, exquisite skills, elegant style.
Hand stove is a kind of heating tool commonly used by the ancient court and the people, because it can be held in the hand and wrapped into the sleeve, so it is called "hand stove" or "sleeve stove". The history of using hand stoves in our country is very long, according to legend, Emperor Yang of Sui went out to patrol along the Grand Canal, came to Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) in the cold winter season of the number nine, Jiangdu County ordered to please the emperor, and the folk coppersmith designed and produced a small copper furnace overnight, with built-in charcoal, presented to Emperor Yang of Sui for heating. Emperor Yang of Sui suddenly felt warm and improvised the name "hand stove". During the Middle and Tang dynasties, the hand stove had become a heating thing for the eunuchs' homes. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the hand stove has been widely entered into the people.
By the Ming and Qing dynasties, the production of hand stoves has reached the realm of perfection, and a large number of famous craftsmen have emerged. The hand stove made by Zhang Mingqi, a famous craftsman in Jiaxing in the late Ming Dynasty, is called "Zhang Furnace" and is well-known in the north and south of the river. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hand-made hand-made hand-made craftsmen carved, carved, carved, inlayed, grinding and other crafts in one, poetry, calligraphy, painting, printed in one vessel, is not only a heating utensil, but also a handicraft that can be appreciated, with a high historical and cultural connotation and collection value. There are many descriptions of hand stoves in the literature of this period. In the sixty-eighth chapter of "Golden Vase Plum", Ai Yue'er "held a copper wire fire cage in one hand, burned Shensu incense cakes inside, and wrapped the cuffs around the body to smoke and heat." The "copper wire fire cage" in the text is the hand stove. In the sixth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions", it is written that Grandma Liu entered the Grand View Garden and saw Wang Xifeng after many twists and turns. The eighth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions" also wrote: "It happened that Daiyu's little maid Snow Goose came to ...... with Daiyu to send a small hand stove."Daiyu took it and held it in her arms. Emperor Qianlong's inscription poem also wrote a hand stove: "The letter invades the plum outside the threshold, and wanders together by chanting and holding candles." The light cold does not enter the deep courtyard, and the female companion can bring the stove. The "furnace" mentioned in the poem is the hand stove. Qing Dynasty scholar Zhang Shao's poem "Hand Furnace" said: "The pine ash cage warms the sleeves of the prophet, and the silver leaf incense floats a trace." The top is accompanied by plum blossoms flat out of the net, and the bamboo nodes are lying on the branches. Don't worry about the frozen jade chess is difficult to twist, and the Xiyuan frost pen is easy to hold. Even though the poet is cold to the bone, the bottom of Yangchun's wrist has been born. ”
Not only is the hand stove for warming hands exquisitely made, but the utensils for warming sake are also quite ingenious.
During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the blue and white glaze red eight immortals warm wine jug, the overall shape is gourd-shaped, composed of two parts, the upper part holds wine, and the lower part is filled with hot water and warm wine, which is used for long drinking. The two sections are combined, just as a whole, the design is novel and ingenious, and the style is unique. The white glaze, the blue and white glaze red on the outside, with the red in the glaze as the base, the blue and white eight immortal characters are painted on the bottom, and the regular script of the "Yanghetang system" is at the bottom.
Wine warmers appeared as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Han Dynasty had wine bottles, and in the Song Dynasty, when the porcelain industry was unprecedentedly prosperous, ceramic wine warmers with ingenious shapes, sophisticated craftsmanship and mature functions appeared, including injectors, warm bowls and lids. With this kind of warm wine artifact, the ancients liked to make an appointment with poetry and literary friends on a snowy day covered in silver, and came to the outdoor warm wine pot, which was very interesting.
The inkstone is warmed and thawed, and the ink bottle is warm and becomes a spring spring
The Palace Museum has a Ming Zhengde model of Bihai Tengjiao copper warm inkstone, which is composed of an inkstone body, a box cover, and a warm drawer, and there is no inkstone, and the ink is directly studied on the copper inkstone. The warm drawer is used to burn charcoal fire, and is placed under the inkstone body to prevent the inkstone ink from freezing in the cold winter. The lower wall of the inkstone body is a movable plug-in board, which is pulled out and can be taken and put in the heating drawer at will. The upper part of the warm inkstone is cast with a beautiful picture of "blue sea Tengjiao", and is accompanied by poetry.
The inkstone is one of the four treasures of the ancient humanities, due to the lack of heating facilities in ancient times, in the cold winter, the ink in the stone inkstone is easy to freeze, which makes the literati and ink writers who are full of literary thoughts and inks trouble. When Cen Shen, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, drafted a battle inscription in the military tent of Mobei, the ink in the inkstone froze: "The horsehair is steaming with snow and sweat, the five flowers are swirling with money to make ice, and the grass and inkstone in the curtain are condensed." Li Bai also encountered this kind of embarrassment, and sighed helplessly: "The new poems of the frozen pen are lazy to write, and the cold furnace is warm when the wine is warm." In fact, there was already a warm inkstone in the Tang Dynasty, probably because the two poets did not have the conditions to use this "artifact" at that time, so they expressed such feelings.
The ancients invented the warm inkstone in order to warm the ink and prevent the pen and ink from freezing, so that the ink could be waved smoothly. The earliest text that recorded the warm inkstone was the "Warm Yan Ming" in the "Zhang Yan Gongji" of the Tang Dynasty Zhang Shuo: "The pen is frozen, the ink pool is knotted at night, the incense charcoal is latently burned, and the cold is hot." Bai Juyi has a poem in "Twenty Rhymes of the Green Felt Tent": "The inkstone warms and thaws the frozen ink, and the bottle warms into a spring spring." Emperor Tang Ming has a very delicate warm inkstone, "Kaiyuan Tianbao Relics" recorded: "There is a seven-treasure inkstone furnace in the inner library, and the song is as ingenious." Every winter cold inkstone, put it on the stove, the inkstone ice self-eliminates, and the fire is not labored. It is commonly used by the Emperor of the Winter Moon. After the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a succession, and the warm inkstone gradually developed into a kind of practical and decorative combination of scholarly elegance.
The earliest existing warm inkstone is a pottery warm inkstone unearthed in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty in Baili Town, Lingtai County, Gansu Province in l982. The Song Dynasty Wang Zhidao "Two Songs with Zhang Wenji Yongxue" poem: "Three cups of strong and fertile intestinal wine, one twist to chat about warm inkstone salt." Mingren Tu Long recorded the scene of using warm inkstone in "Paper, Ink, Pen, Inkstone, Winter Moon Inkstone": "In winter, it is cold and can not use Jiayan (inkstone), Qingzhou wrought iron inkstone, which can be frozen, and the inkstone needs to be earned with four feet, and the fire inkstone is on the fire, and it is slightly forced to be used, or the inkstone can also be used." ”
The warm inkstones made by the inner court of the Qing Dynasty are generally made of copper, iron, tin, and silver as inkstones, and are gilded or hollowed out and engraved with ornamentation, and the craftsmanship is exquisite. For example, in the Kangxi period, the pine flower stone is a warm inkstone, the inkstone is blue-green pine stone, the whole body is smooth, and there is a beast face pattern square foot at each of the four feet. There is a square frame engraved along the edge of the inkstone, the lotus leaf-shaped ink pool is carved inside, there is a small hole on the edge of the pool for water storage, the inkstone hall is concave, and the four sides of the inkstone body are carved with the concave bottom yang pattern of the opposite Kui dragon pattern. Under the inkstone, the cloisonné enamel dragon pattern warm inkstone box, rectangular type, decorated with copper gilt chisel pattern for a week, the four facades are light blue enamel, the middle of each side is decorated with peach pattern, the two sides are decorated with cloisonné patterns, the cloisonné lines are neat, the enamel texture is delicate, and the color is elegant.
The shape of the warm inkstone is mostly square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, round, drum, etc. In terms of function, it is mainly divided into two types: one is the "plumbing type", that is, a cavity is chiseled under the ink hall, and the temperature of the inkstone surface is increased by injecting hot water; The second is the "fire heating type", that is, a cavity is made under the inkstone, and charcoal barbecue or oil lamp heating is introduced. The warm inkstone has to withstand the charcoal fire for a long time, and the moist and smooth inkstone such as end stone, red silk stone, and Tao stone is easy to be scorched and cracked, so only the inkstone or pine stone with dense texture and higher hardness can be used. Due to the complexity of the manufacturing process and the high cost of warm inkstone, it belongs to the luxury goods in the study, and it is difficult for the general cold to use. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the appearance of purple sand warm inkstone provided an opportunity for ordinary literati to use warm inkstone. Purple sand mud has strong plasticity, good air permeability, high temperature resistance, and low price, can produce all kinds of purple sand warm inkstone, and is very popular with literati and ink writers.