Today, we are going to talk about the experience of Dr. Sun Yat-sen leaving Hong Kong on the afternoon of December 21, 1911 and heading north.
After arriving in Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen was warmly welcomed by Huang Xing, Chen Qimei, and other revolutionaries in Shanghai. That night, Pang Qingcheng set up a banquet for him to wash the dust, and a grand welcome dinner kicked off in such an atmosphere.
At the banquet, Dr. Sun Yat-sen had a lively conversation with the revolutionaries and discussed the future political system of China. Should the ** system or the cabinet system be implemented?
This became a hot topic of discussion for them. Let's follow the footsteps of Zhihua to talk about history and review that period of history together, **Those thought-provoking questions.
Mr. Sun Yat-sen presided over a meeting of the most important department of the Shanghai Alliance in his Shanghai apartment, at which the plan for organizing a temporary ** was discussed. At that time, a group of people centered in Wuhan and a group centered in Shanghai were fighting for the top position in power.
Yuan Shikai sabotaged it again, and the preparation of the temporary ** fell into a difficult period. The sudden return of Mr. Sun Yat-sen has aroused widespread attention and congratulations from all walks of life.
Although some of the congratulatory telegrams were of a timely nature, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's return to China has undoubtedly aroused the attention of all sectors of society. At the meeting, the ** system and the cabinet system caused fierce controversy.
Hu Hanmin recalled that at that time, the domestic comrades thought that Mr. Sun had returned, so they jointly discussed the establishment of ** and elected Mr. Sun as **. Zhang Binglin, Song Jiaoren and others also participated in the discussion, and they believed that Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren and Wang Jingwei could all become candidates if ** was elected, but this view was questioned.
Junchu, who had studied party theory in Japan, advocated that Mr. Sun should be the prime minister. Eventually, however, he agreed with the party's decision to advocate a cabinet system.
At the meeting, Song Jiaoren analyzed the disadvantages of the ** system and suggested that Mr. Sun should serve as the ** and Huang Xing should be the prime minister of the cabinet. However, both Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Mr. Hu Hanmin opposed the implementation of the cabinet system, and they advocated the implementation of the ** system.
Sun Yat-sen resolutely opposed the implementation of the cabinet system in extraordinary times, he emphasized the importance of the ** system, and insisted on his own views, and even had a dispute with Song Jiaoren. Huang Xing, as a mediator, proposed to convene a meeting of all provincial representatives in Nanjing to decide on the organizational form of the temporary **.
In the end, the meeting rejected Song Jiaoren's proposal for a cabinet system, and most of the delegates agreed with the ** system. This controversy reflected the differences and challenges within the revolutionary party at that time, but in the long run, Song Jiaoren's proposal for a cabinet system was forward-looking, and it tried to resolve the problem of power restraint after the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Party, which was more in line with the principles of bourgeois political science.
In order to confront the Qing court and establish a unified provisional **, the concentration and union of revolutionary forces were urgently needed. The former Constitutionalists took the lead in raising the issue of preparing for the establishment of the first country, and Li Yuanhong, the governor of the Hubei Army, also requested to send representatives to Wuchang to prepare for the establishment of the first province after the telegram was sent to the independent provinces
This controversy ended with the implementation of the first production, but on the road of revolution, various problems and differences still need to be constantly explored and resolved.
On the 11th, Cheng Dequan, the governor of Jiangsu, Tang Shou, the governor of Zhejiang, and Chen Qimei, the governor of Shanghai, proposed the establishment of the first place, which triggered the situation of the two centers of Wuhan and Shanghai competing for the right to organize the first place.
After consultations, Shanghai agreed to convene a provincial congress in Wuhan and set up a communications organ, with one representative from each province to keep in touch. However, the situation in Wuhan was very dangerous at that time, the Qing army counterattacked southward, Hankou and Hanyang fell one after another, and the whole city of Wuchang was exposed to the cannon range of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang army.
On November 27, the delegates who had arrived in Wuhan one after another had to move the venue of the meeting to the upstairs of the Shunchang Foreign Company in the British Concession of Hankow for safety. On November 30, the meeting officially began, and it was decided to form the China Provisional Organization in accordance with the model of the United States, and adopted the "Provisional Organizational Outline" that was prepared in one day and one night.
The meeting also decided that if Yuan Shikai could fight back, he would be elected as the temporary leader. At the same time, the revolutionary situation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River developed rapidly.
On December 2, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang coalition army conquered Nanjing, an important military town, and the southeastern half of the rivers and mountains were stabilized. On the grounds that the situation in Wuhan was dangerous, the provincial representatives in Shanghai held a meeting on the 4th, publicly elected Huang Xing as the "putative generalissimo", responsible for the preparation of the first marshal, and elected Li Yuanhong as the deputy marshal.
However, Huang Xing resolutely refused to take office on the grounds of "invincibility". Wuhan also strongly opposed the move and demanded that the decision be cancelled. On December 4, the Wuhan Provincial Congress decided to temporarily relocate it to Nanjing, and the meeting place was moved to Nanjing.
As a result, the delegates from all provinces went down the Jiangdong River to Nanjing to continue their meetings. On December 12, 39 representatives from 14 provinces have gathered, and a meeting was held on the 14th to elect Speaker Tang Erhe and Vice Speaker Wang Chonghui, and decided to hold a big ** election on the 16th.
At that critical moment, the representative of Zhejiang** had just arrived from Wuhan. He brought Li Yuanhong's suggestion, saying that Yuan Shikai had sent a representative to Wuhan, saying that Yuan's cabinet also advocated a republic, but it had to go through the decision of the National Assembly, and then Yuan's cabinet informed the Qing court according to this decision before he could abdicate the throne.
Therefore, they decided not to elect the Great ** for the time being, and agreed to the duties of the supposed Generalissimo Huang Xing for the Shanghai election to temporarily **prepare for the provisional **. However, Huang Xing resolutely refused to take office and suggested that Li Yuanhong should be the generalissimo.
As a result, the congress re-elected Li as the generalissimo and Huang Xing as his deputy. However, Li Yuanhong was not in Nanjing, so he changed the authority of Generalissimo Huang **. Such a chaotic situation makes it difficult to see the road ahead.
Just when the provincial congress was hesitant to prepare for the formation of the provisional leader and the order was changed, Li Yuanhong and Tang Hualong in Wuhan, Zhang Jian and Cheng Dequan in Jiangsu, and Tang Shouqian in Zhejiang had already shuttled with Yuan Shikai and plotted to negotiate peace, wanting to use Yuan Shikai's rebellion to force the Qing Emperor to abdicate, and then elect Yuan as the greatest.
Some influential figures within the revolutionary party, such as Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren, also supported this approach, while Zhang Taiyan openly expressed the fallacy of "the revolutionary army should rise and the revolutionary party disappear" on December 12 with ulterior motives, and opposed the "use of revolutionaries to convene revolutionaries" to hold a meeting and organize **.
Wang Jingwei openly proclaimed that "China must be a republic, a republic and a non-public (referring to Yuan Shikai) must be promoted, and it must not be held by the public (** must not)." In this chaotic situation, Sun Yat-sen's return from overseas brought changes to the preparation of the first country.
First of all, the revolutionaries have a backbone, and everyone is convinced that "Mr. Zhongshan is the one who initiated the revolution, and the organization is temporary." Secondly, Sun Yat-sen, as a revolutionary with many years of overseas experience and rich political experience, has a clear understanding of the important task of returning to China to organize the first country, and he is also fully ideologically prepared.
On December 27, the Nanjing Provincial Congress sent a delegation to Shanghai to visit Sun Yat-sen, welcome him, and seek Sun Yat-sen's advice on the preparation of the provisional ** and the election of the general **.
The delegation asked: "What do you think of our intention to elect you as the Interim Generalissimo?" Sun Yat-sen replied: "If you want to elect, you will elect the big **, and you don't need to elect the generalissimo."
The Generalissimo is not the head of state in a foreign country. The delegation said: "The congress has decided to temporarily adopt the method of electing the great, but Yuan Shikai's representative Tang Shaoyi once said that if the south can elect Yuan Shikai as the great, Yuan Shikai can also be in favor of the republic."
Accordingly, the Council of Delegates decided to retain the post for the time being. Sun Yat-sen replied: "It doesn't matter, as long as Yuan Shikai sincerely supports the republic, I will give it to him." However, **is**, the temporary word can be removed. ”
He also said: "The thirteenth day of this month (the thirteenth day of the eleventh month of the lunar calendar) is the first day of the first month of the solar calendar, if you elect me as the big **, I plan to take office on that day, and announce that China will switch to the solar calendar, that day is the New Year's Day of the Chinese **, what do you think?" ”
The Delegation said that it was important to change the matter and would report Dr. Sun's proposal to the Delegation and make a decision. The two sides also discussed other issues, and the talks lasted three hours.
In the evening of the same day, the delegation returned to Nanjing with satisfaction. At the same time as the Nanjing delegates visited Sun Yat-sen, the provincial delegates who remained in Nanjing continued to discuss the organization of ** at the Jiangsu Provincial Consultative Bureau.
On the evening of the 26th, Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren also attended the meeting. Huang Xing put forward three suggestions: first, "correct Shuo and use the solar calendar"; the second is "the era of the Yellow Emperor at the time of the uprising, and now it is changed to the era of China"; The third is to "organize the adoption of the first system".
In the course of the discussions, delegates advocated that the ...
Articles 1 and 2 were merged, and all were in favour. Only considering the issue of customs, "the lunar calendar is not indicated under the solar calendar", when discussing the third proposal, the discussion was very intense, especially Song Jiaoren held opposing opinions, advocated the cabinet system, and listed the disadvantages of the ** system.
After a long discussion, the majority of deputies finally agreed with the ** system and passed it in accordance with the bill.
On the 28th, the representatives of various provinces in Nanjing continued to hold meetings, and Ma Junwu, the leader of the delegation to Shanghai, reported to the meeting on the situation of visiting Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai. The meeting decided to elect the great ** without setting up a generalissimo, and it was considered unnecessary to "reserve the position of ** to Yuan".
The meeting decided that January 1 of the solar calendar, that is, the 13th day of November of the lunar calendar, would be the inauguration date of the new election, and the election would be completed before that. Regarding the "temporary name", Sun Yat-sen suggested that the word "temporary" should be removed, but the discussion held that "because there are people in each province who are not independent, the formal constitution has not yet been formulated, and there is no formal **", so "the word 'temporary' must still be named".
On the 29th, the meeting decided to hold a preparatory meeting for the provisional general election to vote for the candidates of the provisional general election, using the secret ballot method. As a result of the election, Sun Yat-sen received 16 votes and Huang Xing received 1 vote.
The meeting decided to organize a temporary meeting, and immediately launched the chairman and vice speaker Tang Erhe, Wang Chonghui and others to go to Shanghai to pay tribute to Sun Yat-sen.
Telegram to Sun Yat-sen and all provinces across the country: "Today in Ningbo held an extraordinary election, attendees from 17 provinces, Mr. Sun Yat-sen was successfully elected as the provisional president, hereby announced. ”
This news quickly spread throughout the country and was even reported on the world's major **. As the premier of the China League, Sun Yat-sen was in a complicated and excited mood, and he immediately sent a telegram to the provincial congress in Nanjing, saying: "China's rejuvenation is the result of the joint efforts of our military and the people, and I have not contributed much to returning to China alone.
was actually selected as a temporary big **, which is really unbearable. He stressed that at present, the north has not yet been pacified, the first is established, the situation is grim, and the people of the whole country are responsible.
In the case that everyone does not care about his functions, he must undertake important services, and he does not dare to shirk his resignation from the people, and immediately go to Nanjing to take up his post. This is the first telegram issued by Sun Yat-sen as an illegal, secret, and opposition person to publicly and officially appear on the political stage of modern China and publish as a big **.
The formation of the Nanjing Provisional **: After the formal election on the 29th, Sun Yat-sen immediately shouldered the important task of preparing for the formation of the Chinese **Nanjing Provisional **. First of all, he considered the composition of ** in accordance with the provisions of the "Provisional ** Organizational Outline" and found that the outline still had some imperfections.
Therefore, he sent Huang Xing to Ningbo to put forward the idea of revising the outline, suggesting the addition of a deputy ** and revising Article 5 of the original outline. That evening, the Delegation discussed and adopted the amendment.
The next morning, Sun Yat-sen took office as the provisional chief and began his political career.
At the oath-taking ceremony of the provisional general inauguration held on the New Year's Day of the first year of China, Mr. Sun Yat-sen read out the oath: "Overthrow Manchuria *** consolidate China**, and seek people's livelihood and happiness.
To the end of the world, there is no chaos in the country, Zhuo stands in the world, recognized by the nations, and Si Shiwen should be relieved of the post of temporary great. I swear to the people. At the ceremony, he also awarded the provisional seal, and Hu Hanmin read the "Provisional Declaration" on behalf of Hu Hanmin to announce internal and external policies.
At the same time, Xu Shaozhen delivered a congratulatory speech on behalf of the Navy and Army, and the participants in the ceremony shouted "Long live the Republic of China" and applauded and played music. At the oath-taking ceremony, Mr. Sun Yat-sen said that he would follow the will of the people, devote himself to overthrowing Manchuria, consolidating China, seeking people's livelihood and happiness, and dismiss him from his post as a temporary great minister when he falls, there is no chaos in the country, and he stands in the world and is recognized by the nations.
He also announced the internal and external policies, and Hu Hanmin read the "Provisional Declaration" on his behalf. After the ceremony, Mr. Sun Yat-sen presided over the provisional functions of the Senate of the Provincial Representative Meeting, and discussed and adopted the "Amendment to the Provisional Organizational Outline", the "Provisional Administrative Ministries of China and Their Powers", and the arrangement of candidates for the provisional Ministries.
According to the provisions of the "Outline", ** is divided into 9 parts, each of which has 1 chief and 1 deputy director.
This was a key meeting that affected the temporary congress in Nanjing, in which Sun Yat-sen, as the provisional congress, fully demonstrated his wisdom and foresight, and had a heated discussion with the delegates.
According to Ju Zheng's recollection, he attended the congress the day after he took office, and according to the provisional organizational outline, the proposed ministerial candidates needed to be approved by the deputies.
At the representative meeting, ** submitted candidates such as Huang Xing, Huang Zhongying, Wang Chonghui, Song Jiaoren, Chen Jintao, Wu Tingfang, Tang Shouqian, Zhang Jizhi, Zhang Binglin and so on. However, there was a faction among the deputies who opposed Song Jiaoren, Wang Chonghui, and Zhang Binglin, and some advocated changing Wu Tingfang to *** chief.
After the discussion between Huang Xing and **, it was finally decided that the minister would be the minister, and the deputy minister would be a revolutionary. In the course of the discussion, Huang Xing also proposed Zhang Jian or Xiong Xiling as the chief financial minister, but Sun Yat-sen insisted that the finance minister could not be handed over to anyone else, and finally decided to let Chen Jintao take the position.
In the end, the deputies unanimously agreed to the proposed ministerial candidate and elected Li Yuanhong as the temporary deputy **, which was unanimously approved.
The following is the list of specific members: Sun Yat-sen as the provisional general**, Li Yuanhong as the temporary deputy **, Hu Hanmin as the secretary general of the ** government, Huang Xing as the chief of the army, Jiang Zuobin as the deputy chief, Huang Zhongying as the chief of the navy, Tang Qianming as the deputy chief, Cheng Dequan as the chief of internal affairs, Ju Zheng as the deputy director, Wang Chonghui as the chief of foreign affairs, Wei Chengu as the deputy director, Chen Jintao as the chief financial officer, Wang Hongyou as the deputy director, Wu Tingfang as the chief of justice, Lu Zhiyi as the deputy director, Cai Yuanpei as the chief of education, Jing Yaoyue as the deputy director, Zhang Jian served as the chief of industry, Ma Junwu served as the deputy director, Tang Shouqian served as the chief of transportation, and Yu You served as the deputy director.
On January 28, the Nanjing Provisional ** Senate was established, composed of three senators from each provincial governor's office, and the senators need to be proficient in law and politics and have rich experience.
At this point, the goal of establishing a revolutionary regime by the China League, the first bourgeois political party in modern China, was initially realized.