**In the early days, except for one Jingfeng railway, there were no Chinese railways in the northeast.
All railway transportation in Northeast China depends on the South Manchurian Railway and the Eastern Province Railway managed by Japan.
In the industrial age, there is no need to say how important railways were.
Japan controlled the main railway line and also controlled the port of Dalian, which not only could choke the industrial and commercial development of Northeast China, but also grasped the military initiative.
Because railways can transport not only goods, but also troops. The Japanese Kwantung Army, through the railway network under its control, could quickly mobilize its forces and fight wherever it wanted. And the squadron with only two legs can only sigh.
In the face of such a predicament, Zhang Zuolin, the king of the Northeast, obviously cannot sit still.
Therefore, in the 1920s, the Northeast authorities combined private capital to build a number of state-owned railways, such as the Fenghai Line (Shenyang to Hailong) and the Open Line (Dahushan to Tongliao).
The construction of these state-owned railways has solved the problem of Fengjun's transportation being controlled by others.
If Zhang Zuolin tore his face with Japan one day, the Feng army could use his own lines of communication to deal with the Japanese army. There is no need to be like before, there is no way at all.
In addition, with the gradual improvement of the state-owned railway network, merchants in Northeast China also have a choice.
In the past, everyone could only take the South Manchurian Railway, and then load the goods at Dalian Port and go to sea.
All of these places were controlled by Japan, and the Japanese held the pricing power.
Now there is no need, merchants can choose the most advantageous state-owned railway, in Yingkou or Qinhuangdao to go to sea.
Seeing that the monopoly situation was broken and the cake of their own interests was shared, the Japanese capitalists could not sit still.
At this time, Guo Songling rebelled, and the Feng family fell into a civil war.
In December 1925, when Guo Junbing approached the city, the Japanese side saw the opportunity and threatened Zhang Zuolin to accept all the demands of the "Manchurian and Mongolian Question".
Japan's request is actually the fifth clause in the "21 Articles" of that year, which Yuan Shikai never agreed to.
It is impossible for a normal person to sign these ** terms.
Even if it is signed and sealed, it cannot be implemented.
Because once these terms are fulfilled, the people who sign the agreement will not only leave a thousand years of infamy, but also be scolded by the people of the whole country. Moreover, they will put on a tight spell and be controlled by others everywhere in the economic, political, and military fields.
Therefore, even if his eyebrows were burned, Zhang Zuolin only agreed verbally at that time, and did not officially sign.
After the civil strife was quelled, he immediately turned his face and denied it.
Seeing that Zhang Zuolin was untrustworthy, the Japanese minister demanded that he honor his words on the grounds that "a gentleman's words are difficult to chase". Zhang Zuolin said that I was born in a green forest, and I didn't know what to do with a gentleman, so I refused to perform.
After this news reached Japan, Japanese right-wingers seized the opportunity to clamore, claiming that Zhang Zuolin should be eliminated and the three eastern provinces should be occupied.
In April 1928, the Nationalists launched the Second Northern Expedition.
In late May, in the face of the victory of the Northern Expeditionary Army, envoys from various countries in China had a premonition that Beiyang ** was about to collapse.
Seeing that Zhang Zuolin was deflated again and was in urgent need of foreign aid, the Japanese side once again took out the "Manchurian-Mongolian New Five-Route Agreement" and asked him to sign it.
The so-called "Five-Route Agreement" means that Japan requires the erection of five more railways in the northeast region, namely, the Yanhai Line (Yanji to Hailin), the Taosuo Line (Taonan to Solon), the Duntu Line (Dunhua to Tumen), the Changchang Line (Changchun to Dalai), and the Jilin Line 5 (Jilin to Wuchang). And all rights and interests along the railway.
Zhang Zuolin knew very well that after the opening of these five railways, once a war broke out, the Japanese army could quickly reinforce the northeast from the mainland, and with Changchun as the center, spread out like a spider's web, extending to the hinterland of Jilin and Heilongjiang.
At that time, the affairs of the Northeast will not be up to him.
Therefore, Zhang Zuolin did not formally sign it at that time, but only signed the word "read" on the agreement, intending to continue to adopt the old trick of grinding hard and pretending to be confused and shirking against Japan.
Having been tricked many times, the Japanese finally became angry this time.
On 20 May, the Japanese General Staff Headquarters issued a secret mobilization order, demanding that the first ...
Ten. 3. The 14th Division moved towards Shenyang. Another 2,000 men were sent to Jinzhou and Yuguan to set up defenses, intending to prevent any squadron from entering the northeast, including the Feng army.
The instructions of the Japanese General Staff Headquarters said that they were secretly transferred, but in fact they could not be kept secret at all.
On May 23, after learning that the Japanese Kwantung Army was about to make a move, the United States sent a note to Japan that "the three eastern provinces belong to China."
Being so stirred up by the United States, Japan was forced to hesitate under pressure and had to revise the order: Zhang Zuolin's status and power were still retained, and the camera was waiting to change.
Most of the people in the Kwantung Army were right-wingers, and they had long wanted to do something to Zhang Zuolin.
Now it is cowardly, which greatly disappoints the Kwantung Army.
As a result, some of the radicals in the Kwantung Army decided to go down to the top, not to greet them, and secretly kill Zhang Zuolin.
At the end of May, the commander of the Kwantung Army, Muraoka Chotaro, held a meeting and decided to send a Japanese soldier named Yoshiharu Takeshita to Beijing to secretly organize the killing of Zhang.
Before leaving, Yoshiharu Takeshita revealed his mission when he had dinner with Daisaku Kawamoto of the Kwantung Army.
Daisaku Kawamoto believes that Beijing has many eyes and ears, and the assassination work is not easy to hide. Once it fails, it is difficult to explain, so he takes the initiative to say that he can do it for him.
Someone carried it out on his behalf, and Yoshiharu Takeshita couldn't ask for it.
As a result, the killing operation was changed to be presided over by Daisaku Kawamoto.
On May 30, Zhang Zuolin convened a meeting of Zhang Zuoxiang, Sun Chuanfang, Yang Yuting, and Zhang Xueliang, and decided to issue a general retreat order on the same day, and the Fengjun army abandoned Baoding and retreated to Liulihe, and asked Wang Shizhen to organize a maintenance meeting to maintain law and order in Beijing.
The next day, Zhang Zuolin sent someone to vent his mouth, saying that he planned to return to Shenyang by train on June 1.
But on June 1, Zhang Zuolin did not leave.
He met with ministers in Beijing, and then summoned the president of the Beijing Chamber of Commerce, announcing that he would leave Beijing on June 2.
That night, Japanese Minister Kenkichi Yoshizawa secretly visited Zhang Zuolin and persuaded him to accept the ** clause proposed a few days ago. Otherwise, Japan** will not be able to guarantee his safety.
Fang Ze Qianji's statement is actually a clear card.
In the face of the naked threat, Zhang Zuolin scolded: "The Japanese don't talk about friendship, and they take advantage of the opportunity to blackmail every time." My surname Zhang doesn't **, and I'm not afraid of death. ”
touched a nose of ash, Fang Ze Qianji walked away.
Zhang Zuolin also had a chill on his back, how could he avoid the assassination of the Japanese?
On June 2, Zhang Zuolin remained in Beijing.
At night, he initially planned to make a false shot, claiming to take the train, but actually taking the car through the Gubeikou to avoid the eyes and ears of the world.
But because of the bumpy roads at that time, he was too old to stand the bumps.
In addition, Zhang Zuoxiang and Wu Junsheng said that there are troops along the Jingfeng Railway that are tightly fortified, so there will be no accidents.
Therefore, Zhang Zuolin decided to still take the train back to Shenyang.
In the early morning of June 3, Zhang Zuolin's special car set off, with a total of 18 carriages, Zhang Zuolin's car was originally the third section, and when the car passed through Shanhaiguan, he joined Wu Junsheng's special car, so Zhang's car became the fourth section.
It stands to reason that before Zhang Zuolin left Beijing, he changed the departure time many times, and his car also changed its location halfway.
This is already a very cautious and cunning operation.
But unexpectedly, the Japanese army still had accurate information.
It is accurate to which special train Zhang Zuolin took, when he departed, when he arrived, how many carriages he was in, and the position of the carriage changed on the way.
With such accurate information, Daisaku Kawamoto laid out a "mortal array" for Zhang Zuolin in Huanggutun.
In fact, Daisaku Kawamoto's original chosen location for the assassination was the railway bridge over the Gyeongbong Railway across the Gulyu River.
However, because the Jingbong Railway was controlled by the Feng army, the Japanese army could not get close and had no chance to arrange it calmly.
The South Manchurian Railway was controlled by the Japanese army, and the Feng army could not get close.
Therefore, Daisaku Kawamoto installed a current bomb at the Sandong Bridge at the intersection of the Gyeongbong Railway and the South Manchurian Railway.
This place is the only place for Zhang Zuolin to return to Shenyang, and at the same time, it is also a Japanese army-controlled area, which is more convenient to arrange.
After determining the location of the assassination, Daisaku Kawamoto next needs to grasp the exact movements of Zhang Zuolin.
According to the information released by Japan after the war, before Zhang Zuolin's special train set off, the Japanese military attaches in Beiping, Miji Kenkawa and Takayoshi Tanaka, had already mastered the departure time.
The special train stopped at Shanhaiguan on the way, and the information on the change of the position of the car was provided by the Japanese spies deployed in Shanhaiguan, Jinzhou, Xinmintun and other places.
At 5:30 a.m. on June 4, when Zhang Zuolin's special train passed through the Sandong Bridge, there was a loud bang, and the bridge plate collapsed, just pressing on the ground.
Three, four, five carriages.
The huge ** and the bridge plate were crushed, Wu Junsheng died when he ascended, and Zhang Zuolin was seriously injured.
After the incident, Qi Enming, commander of the Shenyang Military Police, rushed to the scene as soon as possible and found Zhang Zuolin, who was already unconscious, in the ruins.
When Daisaku Kawamoto formulated the assassination plan, he specially reserved a hand and asked Goro Araki, a staff officer of the Kwantung Army, to lead an action team with mortars and machine guns to ambush near the Sandong Bridge.
Thinking of failure, Zhang Zuolin was lucky not to die, so he activated the plan and implemented the second round of attacks.
But I don't want to, Qi Enming came too fast, and before Goro Araki could make a move, Zhang Zuolin had already been picked up.
However, Zhang Zuolin was too seriously injured and died that afternoon.
After Zhang Zuolin's death, the high-level officials of the Feng Department were the first to breathe, and the outside world was completely unaware of this.
The Japanese soldiers who participated in the operation witnessed Zhang Zuolin's serious injury and knew the inside story, but it was inconvenient to expose it.
On 6 June, Zhang Zuolin's military adviser Kenji Dohihara also issued a statement, saying that he had seen Zhang Zuolin in person, and that his injuries had improved, and that he was really "living a ghost."
Why do the Japanese open their eyes and tell nonsense?
Because as for how to cover up the responsibility after the incident, the Kwantung military also made arrangements before the war.
To put it simply, it is to put the responsibility on the people**.
For this reason, Daisaku Kawamoto found an unemployed officer named Liu Deming in advance, gave a deposit of 1,000 yen, and asked him to find someone to dress up as a nanyi team to take the blame.
Since it had already planned to clear up the matter in advance, the Japanese side naturally could only pretend not to know about it afterwards.
At noon on June 4, the Shenyang side contacted Zhang Xueliang, who was still in Beijing, and asked him to return to Shenyang as soon as possible.
At this time, although Zhang Xueliang didn't know that the Japanese military was behind the scenes, he could guess it:
The departure date of Zhang Zuolin's special train was only known to very few people in advance.
When the special car passed the Sandong Bridge, the bomb exploded immediately, and the time was not different, which can only be done by manually controlled electric current bombs.
Such a precise operation was clearly carried out by Japanese sappers. The plainclothes team sent by the national ** does not have this technical ability at all.
Zhang Xueliang thought about it, since the Japanese army dared to murder Zhang Zuolin, he would definitely not let himself go.
So, he disguised himself as a man, first took a train from Beijing to Shenyang, and when he passed the Nanman Road checkpoint, he walked around, and then changed to a car and drove straight to Shenyang, quietly returning to Dashuaifu.
Facts have proved that Zhang Xueliang's choice was correct.
Late at night on the 5th, a carriage derailment accident occurred in the Jinzhou and Yuguan sections of the Jingfeng Railway, resulting in the Jingfeng Line being unable to open to traffic for a while.
It can also be seen from this that the interior of the Feng department has long been infiltrated by Japanese spy personnel.
There are no secrets.
After Zhang Xueliang successfully returned to Shen, he continued to mourn in secret, and ordered someone to write a will.
The content of the will is similar to the edict of the ancient king:
"Yu was unfortunately in distress on the way home, and now he is in a state of illness, and he is dead in the twilight. Today, with the heavy responsibility of Fengtian, he pays for the good of learning, hopes that you are good for cooking, hires virtuous people, and cultivates internal affairs. Sincere unity, although the rest of the body is dead, it is also blind. ”According to his will, Zhang Xueliang was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Fengjun Army, and then urgently transferred the troops of his descendants to return to Shen in the starry night to prevent the Kwantung Army from jumping over the wall.
On June 16, 18,000 members of the Kwantung Army held a large-scale field exercise in the southern suburbs of Shenyang. intends to use the exercise to create disputes, and only wait for the Feng army to occupy Shenyang by force.
However, due to Zhang Xueliang's failure to respond, coupled with the fact that the international situation was unfavorable to Japan, the Kwantung Army did not dare to realize its plan during the exercise.
On June 19, the Northeast authorities officially announced Zhang Zuolin's death, and announced that Zhang Xueliang would succeed him as the supervisor of Fengtian and elect Zhang Zuoxiang as the security commander of the three eastern provinces.
Zhang Zuoxiang resolutely refused to take office, saying that in public and private, the position of commander-in-chief should be held by Zhang Xueliang.
Because Zhang Zuoxiang is in the old school of Feng, he has the most weight to speak. Therefore, his statement determined Zhang Xueliang's inheritance.
On July 4, Zhang Xueliang was appointed commander of the security of the three eastern provinces.
At this time, Zhang Xueliang was only 28 years old.
His experience and ability were obviously unable to cope with Japan's encroachment on Northeast China and the surging of the undercurrents within the Feng system.
Therefore, in the face of internal and external troubles, Zhang Xueliang came up with the idea of changing banners in the Northeast and supporting reunification.
Knowing that Zhang Xueliang was going to change banners, Japan immediately objected.
The three factions of Feng, Yan, and Gui within the national ** also opposed it.
On October 7, Bai Chongxi and Yang Yuting met in Luanzhou.
At this meeting, Bai and Yang ostensibly discussed ending the military confrontation, but in fact they were secretly plotting how to overthrow Zhang Xueliang and replace him with Yang Yuting.
Bai and Yang's conspiracy was soon discovered by Chiang Kai-shek.
Jiang had a conflict with the Gui family, and immediately sent someone to tell Zhang Xueliang to take precautions.
Later, Yang Yuting was executed by Zhang Xueliang in the "Tiger Hall", which had something to do with this incident.
On December 29, 1928, Zhang Xueliang withstood internal and external pressure and electrified the whole country.
Immediately, the public offices and agencies, schools, and shops throughout the Northeast all hung red flags in the blue sky and the white sun.
On December 31, the National** appointed Zhang Xueliang as the commander of the Northeast Frontier Army. The Fengjun was renamed the Northeast Frontier Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and its formation was incorporated into the sequence of the National Army.
So far, **16 years**, in terms of situation, it has been unified again.