As far as the border system is concerned, it changed as soon as it arrived in the Han Dynasty.
The Han Dynasty was only three days old, but you can not go, as long as you pay 100 yuan a day, 300 yuan in three days, and hand it over to **, you can be exempted.
If a hundred people don't go, it should be 300 days of free military service, and if the ** hires another person who is willing to go, he will be asked to serve 300 days of military service as soon as he goes. He also got this money, which was not only enough to spend on the sidelines, but also to keep a little home, which was a workaround.
According to the theory, everyone should be on the border for three days, even the prime minister's son is not exempt.
There was a prime minister in the Han Dynasty who really asked his son to go to the frontier and really serve as a soldier for three days, which became a good story in history.
The magistrate of Han County has a Taishou and a captain, just like there is a prime minister and a captain.
Taishou was the magistrate, and the governor was the local military chief.
The local troops were under the command of the Governor.
All the strong men have to gather for a drill every autumn, which is a big review, called the capital test, which lasts for one month. Return to your hometown at the end of the period.
When the state has something to do, it is called on an ad hoc basis, which is a kind of national militia.
Each locality also trains each branch of the army according to the geographical situation, such as chariot cavalry (cavalry and chariot soldiers), building ships (naval division and navy), timber officer (infantry), and so on.
* There are armies in the north and south, garrisons in the frontiers, and national militias in the localities, and these three armies can be called upon once the country has trouble.
Excerpted from the first lecture of Qian Mu's "Political Gains and Losses in China's Past Dynasties" "The Military Service System of the Han Dynasty".
The military system is a topic that I am very interested in.
The military system is divided into several periods, the first period is the feudal era, all the people are soldiers or all soldiers are soldiers, get on the horse to kill the enemy, get off the horse and farm, which is the military system at that time. At that time, the princes or the families of the ladies of the scholars, there were no men who could not ride and shoot, otherwise there would be no chance.
This is not only the case in China, but also in the feudal society of Europe, the nobles have the right to inherit, and their titles are inherited by the eldest son, and after the second son, there is no longer a title, and they become knights. These knights had a share of their father's share of the property, and they ate and drank without worry, so they loved to cause trouble.
Although the Chinese aristocratic society thousands of years ago is different from the European aristocratic society thousands of years later, it is generally not bad.
The sons of these nobles or the heirs of the rich Qing are usually brave and aggressive, even if it is hunting, it is also a kind of war training.
When later generations talk about the absurdity of the kings in the feudal era or the monarchical era, they often talk about hunting in the fields, thinking that it is entertainment and laughing, and ignore political affairs. In fact, the ancient field hunt and similar to Naadam were ancient military exercises.
The beginning of the modern military system was either the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty or the Shang Dynasty.
It is recorded in the "Zhou Li" that "five people are a team, five soldiers are two, four two are pawns, five pawns are brigades, five brigades are divisions, and five divisions are armies." ”
This is very doubtful, because in the historical records we have seen, the word "army" represents military composition, or military behavior, rather than the structure of the army. The structure of the army, the largest unit, seems to be the division. For example, the six-division system of the Zhou Dynasty.
As military units, the two brigades and brigades rarely appear.
Shang Yang changed the Qin law, and its military system was as follows: five people for the team, two for the army, five for the tun, two for the hundred, and then up, five hundred, one thousand, three thousand, five thousand, and 10,000 people, for different combat units.
Normally, we see Wu Chief, who is roughly equivalent to the group leader, leads five people. Shi Chang, roughly equivalent to a squad leader, consists of two groups, ten people. The tun commander, roughly equivalent to the platoon commander, consists of ten groups and fifty people.
When the size of the unit reaches a hundred, the rank of the officer is relatively high, called centurion, a hundred. The centurion can already command operations independently and belongs to the middle commanders.
The 500-strong army is to be set up as a small general, 1,000 as a large general, 3,000 as a general as a general or as a part, 5,000 as a general or as a general, and 10,000 as a general and deputy general.
This is a typical professional army formation.
Mr. Qian Mu said that there were three types of military systems in the Han Dynasty, one was guards, which generally belonged to the above-mentioned structure, and the other was soldiers, who, according to him, served three days of military service. The third is local troops.
The pawn in Mr. Qian's text is roughly equivalent to the border guards.
However, if the border guards only serve for three days, they will not be able to form an army, let alone military activities such as training, and the three days of military service will not be completed by registering the officers. Not to mention three days of military service, even if Mr. Qian said that the Han Dynasty increased to three months, I am afraid it is unrealistic.
In three months, let alone military training, how can you fight together if you can't even recognize people?
The soldiers of the Qin Dynasty were recruited from the local government and sent to the frontiers. However, because of the tight financial situation and the large military expenditure, the cost of the soldiers was self-raised. Not only self-raised tariffs, including the living expenses of the military family, but even self-raised**.
Self-raised**, there are very strict regulations, men of appropriate age, have to raise their own spears and halberds and other weapons, such as chariots, etc., the cost is huge, then it is stipulated by how many people to prepare the next chariot.
This kind of system places a huge economic burden on the people.
What kind of old Qin went to the national disaster in the TV series, and the Qin people enthusiastically became soldiers and bravely killed the enemy, that is all the nonsense of today's people. What can really sustain the troops is the method of joint sitting. If one of the legions escapes, all of them will be killed, and the chiefs will be dealt with.
If, as Mr. Qian Mu said, three days of military service is not enough time to make a roster, and who can know which soldier escaped?
Another theory says that the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and the military system was divided into two types, one was a regular pawn, and the service period was two years. The second is the shift, which rotates for three days every year. The name of the guard is very revealing, that is, it is on duty in the city or in the barracks, that is, it is on duty.
The third part that Mr. Champu mentions, which is the real local forces. And the article I retrieved pointed out that the two-year service period of the main pawn, the first year was a guard, the basic training was completed in the county, and the second year was distributed to the frontier. This statement is more logical and practical, and I am afraid that Mr. Qian misunderstood.
Mr. Qian said, "All the strong men have to gather for a drill every autumn, which is a big review, called the capital test, which lasts for one month. Return to your hometown at the end of the period.
The drill is held every autumn by the gun, and it is held on a regular basis, and the host is Taishou. This exercise is not only a military exercise, but also a big competition, and it is called the capital test, also called the big test.
Mr. Qian said that the exercise was conducted by the third type of soldiers, that is, local troops. I'm afraid that Mr. Qian didn't fully understand this. The drill of the county should be a year of death, which is equivalent to the training of recruits in the local area.
Since it is a one-year regular soldier (recruit), it is natural that he will not "return to his hometown at the end of the period" after the drill, but will be assigned to the frontier according to the examination results.
Therefore, the capital examination does not refer to military training, and throughout the year, the regular soldiers have been conducting various military training, and the capital examination or the big test is just their passing examination.
As for the three hundred dollars exempt, it is very easy to understand. After all, it's only a three-day shift, and it's okay to pay someone to work on your behalf. If you become accustomed to it, there will be people who will take on this kind of substitute work.
This is precisely in line with the pawn, and it is definitely not the pawn behavior. If this is the case, it is impossible for the national army to be combat-ready.
In ancient times, the control of the army was very strict, and today we watch TV series, but where soldiers are used, there must be tiger charms. That's because neither the Son of Heaven nor ** wants to let the military power fall into the hands of individuals.
But the military system of the Han Dynasty had a big loophole.
The county guard has a lot of military authority, and he has a year's worth of soldiers in his hands, which can thus increase the private power of the county guard and pose a threat to public power.
During Wang Mang's time, Dongjun was too guarded by Zhai Yi, and took advantage of the opportunity to test the capital to gather the soldiers and horses of a county to rebel; Liu Xiuju had planned to take advantage of the capital of Nanyang County to capture the soldiers of a county.
At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to weaken the local military strength, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty Liu Xiu canceled the trial production of the capital while reducing the number of lieutenants, and it has never been restored. It is precisely to plug this critical loophole