Between 1949 and 1976, we can call it:"Period"The achievements made by China during this period are still of great value to today's modernization, including: the cultivation of national self-esteem and self-confidence; Initial establishment of an industrial system; laying the foundation of science and technology; effective social mobilization, organization and implementation; achieving women's emancipation; Initial realization of mass education.
These great achievements have laid the foundation for modernization since the beginning of reform and opening up, and at the same time, they have also left us a great deal of experience worthy of study and reference by future generations.
1) From a century of humiliation to independence and reunification, the self-esteem and self-confidence of the Chinese nation have been rebuilt. From the Opium War to 1949, China was bullied by foreign enemies, and its national dignity was lost.
After several generations of unremitting efforts, China has finally achieved independence and reunification, and the most basic prerequisite for modernization has been established. It is this historical background that has made the Chinese people form a strong sense of national self-esteem and self-confidence, which has become one of the most significant characteristics of that era.
In the "** era", this kind of national self-esteem and self-confidence has not only been preserved, but also strengthened. The strong national self-esteem and self-confidence had a significant impact on China at that time in two aspects, and provided valuable lessons for today's China.
First of all, the spirit of self-reliance. For a country that is engaged in modernization, the spirit of self-reliance is of paramount importance. Because all major changes in the nation originate from itself, and external factors cannot be replaced.
This is especially important for large nations. Secondly, the centripetal force and cohesion of the nation. In the face of foreign aggression or suppression, interest groups and strata within their own nation will form a strong sense of national belonging and cohesion.
It is precisely this kind of strong national self-esteem and self-confidence that has provided an inexhaustible impetus for China's modernization drive.
It turned out that China's industrial system had begun to sprout during the Westernization Movement, but progress was slow due to both external and internal suppression. Before 1949, China's industry was small in scale and had a low degree of systematization.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China took the development of industry as its primary task, and through the implementation of the first "Five-Year Plan", it concentrated its efforts on the development of heavy industry, laying the foundation for industrialization and defense modernization.
Although there were detours and costs in the process, China's industry eventually achieved great development and formed a complete industrial system. In addition to traditional sectors such as steel, coal, petroleum, textiles, etc., China has also established modern industrial sectors such as machinery manufacturing, petrochemical industry, automobiles, aircraft, nuclear industry, electronics, etc.
In addition, the transportation sector has also seen significant improvements. In 1949, China's railway mileage was 2180,000 km, which increased to 4 in 1976630,000 km; In 1949, China's road mileage was only 8070,000 km, which grew to 82 by 1976340,000 km.
3) Laying the foundation of science and technology In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the scale of science and technology was small and the foundation was weak. In 1952, there were only 42 natural science and technology personnel in units owned by the whole people50,000 people, with an average of 269 people per 10,000 employees.
The country attaches great importance to the development of science and technology, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established in 1949. In 1956, the CCP ** initiated"Marching into science"and formulated the National Long-term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology from 1956 to 1967.
Subsequently, the Science and Technology Development Plan for 1963-1972 was formulated. After nearly 30 years of hard work, China's science and technology undertakings have made great progress and play an important role in the country's entire social and economic activities.
In 1978, there were 434 scientific and technical personnel in units owned by the whole people50,000 people, with an average of 593 per 10,000 employees3 people; The total expenditure on scientific research was 392.5 billion yuan, accounting for 49%；the development of new scientific and technological fields such as atomic energy, electronics, semiconductors, automation, computing technology, jet and rocket technology; China's atomic bomb was successful; The first artificial synthesis of biologically viable bovine insulin; Successful launch of artificial earth satellite**; Chen Jingrun proves the Gothic conjecture; Li Siguang's achievements in the theory and application of geomechanics are eye-catching.
China's capacity for social mobilization reached an unprecedented level between 1949 and 1976. Social mobilization in this period has the following distinctive characteristics: First, it covers a wide range of fields, covering almost all fields such as politics, economics, and knowledge.
Second, it is large in scale and deep, and many social mobilizations are almost all national and national mobilizations. Finally, it lasts for a long time, almost for the entire period of time.
This kind of high-intensity social mobilization has played an irreplaceable role in promoting China's modernization. First, it is a key driving force for the sustainable development of China's economic modernization.
Secondly, it helps to improve the quality of the population. Finally, it effectively solved some difficult problems in the process of China's modernization at that time. Therefore, it can be said that China's social mobilization capacity has played a pivotal role in the long-term process of modernization, even more so than in other countries.
In the long-term feudal society, Chinese women had a low status and lived a miserable life. Although many advanced people have advocated women's liberation in modern times, their impact has been relatively limited because they have not integrated the women's liberation movement with the transformation of society as a whole.
Since its founding, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has taken the struggle for women's emancipation and the realization of equality between men and women as an important goal, and has organized a women's liberation movement. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the "Common Program" of a constitutional nature adopted by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference clearly declared that the feudal system that bound women would be abolished and that women would enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, educational, and social life.
Since then, the People's Republic of China has successively promulgated a number of laws and regulations, all of which clearly stipulate the protection of women's rights and interests. More importantly, the emancipation of Chinese women is not only limited to the provisions of the law, but is also closely integrated with the actual transformation of the entire society, which makes the emancipation of Chinese women real.
In the past 30 years, the actual situation of women in China has undergone tremendous changes. First, they have legal rights equal to those of men. Secondly, the cultural and educational situation of women has been greatly improved.
Thirdly, the number of women in employment has increased dramatically and they have achieved economic independence. In addition, they participate extensively in politics and attach importance to health care. **Comprehensive labour protection measures have been taken for female employees.
The emancipation of Chinese women during this period is of great historical significance. This is not only the embodiment of true humanitarianism, but also the realization of the concept of equality and freedom in the real society, and at the same time the huge development of Chinese human resources.
Among the many late-developing countries, China is probably in a clear position to lead in this regard.
Before the reform and opening up, China's education development level was backward, the illiteracy rate was as high as 80%, the school-age children's enrollment rate was only about 20%, and most people could not receive formal education.
School facilities are outdated and teaching materials are scarce, and they cannot meet the needs of national and social development. Since the beginning of reform and opening up, China has made remarkable progress in education, especially in the field of mass education.
In the early 50s, China began to implement the educational policy of opening the door to workers and peasants, and established a workers' and peasants' accelerated middle school and a cultural remedial school for workers' and peasants' cadres, so that more people could have the opportunity to receive education, which had a far-reaching impact on China's social and economic development.
In February 1951, the Ministry of Education promulgated the "Interim Implementation Measures for Workers' and Peasants' Accelerated Middle Schools" and the "Interim Implementation Measures for Cultural Tutorial Schools for Workers' and Peasants' Cadres", thus establishing the Workers' and Peasants' Accelerated Middle School.
In schools above the secondary level, a system of people's grants has been established, and various types of literacy classes and vocational schools have been established on a large scale in both urban and rural areas.
By 1976, the number of students in secondary schools had risen from 126 in 194980,000 grew to 5,90550,000 people, while the number of primary school students also increased from 2,43910,000 increased to 15,00550,000 people.
By 1965, China's enrolment rate had reached 89 per cent (primary) and 24 per cent (secondary), surpassing the average of 73 per cent and 20 per cent of the world's low-income countries.
By the late 70s and early 80s, China's illiteracy rate had gone from 164% and 34The 7% drop is lower than in countries such as India, Brazil and Egypt, which puts China's mass education at the forefront of the "late-developing countries".
The development of mass education during this period is of far-reaching significance for improving the cultural quality of the entire nation, promoting the coordinated development of higher education and the entire educational undertaking, and laying a solid foundation for the comprehensive social and economic development of China today.
7) Historical inheritance and reference to the precious heritage left by the times, rich in content, covering a wide range, in addition to the aforementioned, including the pursuit of ideals, the spirit of exploration, the proper handling of domestic ethnic relations, the overall concept, etc.
History has continuity and should not be artificially divided. In the nearly 30 years from 1949 to 1976, although China took many detours and paid a huge price in its modernization drive, the progress made was obvious, and a certain material and social foundation was laid for the modernization process.
To this day, we are still benefiting from the precious legacy of the times.
We must not only cherish and inherit the precious historical heritage left by the "** era", but also explore its deeper value. Think about it, if it were not for those precious historical legacies, would China today be able to achieve such remarkable achievements?
At the same time, we must also resolutely resist "historical nihilism", and we must criticize those remarks that completely deny the "** era".