1) Open the "Magic Box".
2) Rui Liangfu on the list of high-quality authors of Rongyi Gong's patents (3) Shao Gong admonished the king and slandered him
4) The Rebellion
The story of King Zhou Li, the tenth son of heaven in the Western Zhou Dynasty, proves that anyone in this world can turn the same way without it.
King Zhou Li once struck a blow to the arrogance of Huaiyi, and destroyed the Ehou who did not respect Zhou and engaged in small actions, which made the Chu State, which had already claimed the title of king at that time, shocked and took the initiative to remove the king name (see King Zhou Li resisted Huaiyi and destroyed the Hu State, the Jin State began to emerge, and the Chu State clamped its tail). And "Zuo Chuan: The Twenty-sixth Year of Zhaogong" called him "the king's heart is cruel, and all the people are forbearing". "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said that he was "profitable" and "the king was tyrannical and arrogant"; "Qin Benji" and "Lu Shijia" are also called "Zhou Li Wang Wudao"; "Jin Family" "King Zhou Li is confused and tyrannical"; "Chu Shijia" also said that he was "tyrannical".
Almost all of his tyrannical behavior came from three causally related articles in the "Chinese Zhou Yushang" - "Rui Liangfu on the Patent of Rongyi Gong", "Shao Gong Advises Li Wang to Slander", "Shao Gong Declares the Death of the King with His Son", and "Zheng Yu" also tells the story of a magical "magic box". The record of King Zhou Li in the "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" is all taken from here.
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the monarch of the Bao Kingdom turned into two dragons and landed in the royal court, dripping with dragon luan - saliva and harazi. So Emperor Xia found a sorcerer for divination, "please hide it", that is, collect and treasure the dragon's Harazi, which is very auspicious. Emperor Xia complied, and the dragon flew away with saliva. The Xia people used the treasure box to treasure the dragon's saliva - since then there has been such a magic box (see Kong Jia Chaoxia?). - The lone brave man who reformed the political system 3,500 years ago). This magic box has been "passed down" from the ancestors, and after the Xia, Shang, and Zhou generations, everyone dare not open it. And King Zhou Li estimated that his curiosity was troubled, so he ordered someone to open it, but as a result, the dragon's saliva flowed all over the ground, and he couldn't clean it up. King Zhou Li used witchcraft against it: let the harem women shout at it naked. Long Harazi turned into a turtle and ran into the harem ......It was because of this that the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. 
Click (up to 18 words) King Zhou Li has a "sweetheart" named Rong Yigong and plans to reuse him.
Rui Liangfu, the monarch of Rui Guo, hurriedly ran to advise: "The royal family is about to decline!" Rong Yigong is a person who only covets exclusive interests (patents), but he doesn't know the inner connection of the catastrophe! Profit arises from all things in heaven and earth, and can only be shared by all people in the world, how can it be enjoyed? Monopolizing interests will anger the people of the world, and if you don't take precautions, it will inevitably cause great disasters and the consequences will be unimaginable! Rong Yigong guided you to do this, how can you achieve long-term peace and stability? The Son of Heaven, who governs the world, must distribute the benefits to the upper and lower four directions, so that the gods and the people can get their fair share. Is it okay for you to learn from him to be a monopoly on wealth? The common people are still called thieves when they monopolize their wealth, and if you do this as the Son of Heaven, the number of people who belong to you will decrease. If the Duke of Rongyi is reused, the royal family will surely decline. ”
This Rong Yigong is a "good-for-profit" person, and the two of them happened to stink together. King Zhou Li was in a period of love, ** willing to listen, and soon promoted Rong Yigong to the ruler.
According to the context, probably the harvest and benefits of mountains, forests, lakes and rivers belong to all places, and the princes, small officials, and all kinds of people can benefit from it. For example, if there are salt mines in some closed countries, then the salt mines are an income for everyone in the area, and even others can come to transport brine to produce salt. This is the "ancestral" view and tradition of "common wealth" and "common benefit" of the people of the world, which is called "primitive communism" in modern sociology (see the fundamental purpose of the reform of the Shang Dynasty Zujia to strengthen the centralization of royal power). "Chinese Zhou Yuxia" "Prince Jin Advice Ling Wang Gu Shui" contains the "Li Shi Revolution Code", which refers to the classics and the code system, that is, the things handed down by the ancestors, which may be the "common benefit" of mountains, forests, lakes and rivers. The revolution is to reform the ancestral teachings, that is, to carry out reforms. "Patents" are to monopolize those interests, that is, to "state-own" the harvest of mountains and rivers, that is, to the exclusive use of the royal family, which will "compete with the people". Why did King Zhou Li make such a decision?
The state finance is the best in taxation, and there are many kinds of taxes:
One isThe poll tax is levied according to the person, often called mouth money, head money, ding tax, etc. (in the Han Dynasty, it was called calculation fu. Later, when ** became currency and the currency was used as the subject of taxation, it was also called Ding Yin), and a certain amount was levied on each person in the household registration (with exceptions, of course).
The second isProperty tax, generally agricultural tax. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the public land (native field) system was used by the peasants to cultivate for the nobles for free, and the income was returned to the public, which was also regarded as a poll tax; After the collapse of the public land system and the privatization of land, the average harvest amount of farmland is multiplied by a certain tax, for example, the agricultural tax that a farmer should pay is: the number of acres of farmland * (regional average) yield per mu * tax rate.
There is also conscription, which is also called more fu in the Han Dynasty, and it can also be used for work. In addition, all kinds of miscellaneous taxes, such as repairing river embankments and fighting wars, set up a name for the common people to pay, and also collect tolls and commercial taxes at checkpoints and markets. There are also endless tax increases in tax rates and tax amounts.
Land tax and population tax are the two most basic taxes, especially agricultural tax (asset tax) is the most important tax, because the number of acres of farmland is far greater than the number of population, and China was an agricultural society in ancient times, and agriculture was the most important output.
Therefore, dynasties and generations increased their fiscal revenues from these two points, such as increasing the population, and punished women who did not marry (did not give birth) when they reached the age of marriage.
The tax policy does not meet the development of the country, or the amount of tax collection does not cover the fiscal expenditure, including the extravagance of the rulers. This is why miscellaneous taxes are levied.
From the perspective of later generations, over the years, feudal dynasties have almost inevitably embarked on the road of collecting (fixed) asset taxes. The reason is simple: wealth is concentrated, and the poll tax has always been stable at a value - the cake is so big; Expenses have increased and existing taxes cannot be met; There are too many new miscellaneous taxes, and the people can't pay them. After a variety of measures have been taken, the most common being to raise the tax rate, and still pay a drop in the bucket, then the knife should be directed at the group of people who have a lot of wealth. As a result, taxes were levied on assets including cash, real estate, agricultural products, and industries.
For example: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has an order to reckoning.
Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the system of equalizing land has been implemented, and taxes are divided into rent, yong, and adjustment. After the middle period, the land annexation was serious, and the imperial court repeatedly banned it. Later, coupled with the Anshi Rebellion, the imperial court let it go, admitting the current situation of land concentration and "escape" of the registered population, and reforming it into the "two tax laws", which is actually an asset tax.
The tax system of the Song Dynasty originated from the two tax laws of the Tang Dynasty, and the "one whip law" of the Ming Dynasty and the "apportionment into the mu" of the Qing Dynasty were also copies of the two tax laws.
However, after a period of time, because the assets were concentrated in the hands of the large landowners and magnates, they would inevitably try to resist, either by concealment, or otherwise, or by political turmoil, and revert to the simpler and more beneficial tax of the magnates. Huang Zongxi, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, put forward "Ming Yi to be interviewed: Tian Zhi III".Accumulation is a no-brainerIt is said that the original intention of each reform in the past dynasties was good, to reduce the burden on the lowest level, that is, the peasants, and increase the tax amount of the rich households (which can alleviate the gap between the rich and the poor), but the result was that after the implementation, it was counterproductive, because in the later period, the new reform added to the previous levy was added to a piece. Qin Hui's "Reform of the Combined Tax System and "Huang Zongxi's Law" called it ".Huang Zongxi's lawHe said that the burden on the bottom increased once each time he changed compared with before. For example, the ABCDE tax was previously payable, but now it is called the A tax. Soon after, A became A+A, and B ...... was addedUntil A+ABCDE, which is 2A, which is equivalent to doubling the taxes paid by farmers before the reform. (In the Qing Dynasty, the taxes of the feudal dynasty had been accumulated, and the poor people were everywhere).
The division of the Western Zhou Dynasty - it is easy to divide out, but it is difficult to take it back. Now that the land has been given to the nobles, they will never return. This system, established at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, galloped at a speed of one hundred and twenty yards, and all resources were divided into pieces and owned by the local land lords. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the land was a public land system, monopolized by the princes, princes and other nobles, and at the same time, the aristocratic group became increasingly powerful and the tail was not lost, but their interests were not divided with the royal family.
Due to the increase in the extravagant living expenses of the royal family, coupled with the huge consumption of continuous conquests and military warfare, the finances of the Western Zhou Dynasty throughout the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty since the Zhao and Mu dynasties (in fact, economic problems are the coexistence of all dynasties and all periods). The royal family would try to increase taxes and tributes at home and among the princes, especially to intensify the exploitation of the conquering tribes, i.e., the method of raising the tax rate was tried, but the effect was not significant.
King Zhou Li will also inevitably embark on the road of collecting property tax.
If the results are still not significant after a series of measures, the only way to find them is to find an excuse elsewhere. Rong Yigong may have thought of a way to profit from the monopoly – that is, to tax the natural resources controlled by the powerful – their fixed assets, i.e., "nationalization", or so-called patents.
This "Bamboo Book Chronicle" says that King Zhou Li appointed Rongyi Gongluo (Weiqing) as soon as he ascended the throne, which I don't know if this is true. "Kangding" is generally considered to be the time of King Li of Zhou, and King Li rewarded the right person of Kang Shi, Rong Bo or Rong Yi Gong.
King Zhou Li's reuse of Rong Yigong was like the reuse of Fei Zhong by King Shang, in order to solve economic problems, or to let him collect money for himself. The two united, and then "a piece of paper", all the benefits of mountains, forests, minerals, mountains and rivers were "confiscated" from the hands of local nobles such as Bang Bo - they were nationalized (probably similar to the "official mountains and seas" policy of "iron and salt official camps" implemented by Duke Huan and Guan Zhong in Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period). This may be the earliest "state-run" and "monopoly" incident seen in the current literature.
Yi Zhou Shu ·Rui Liangfu explainedIt also contains Rui Liangfu's admonition to King Zhou Li, probably at a court meeting Rui Liangfu admonished King Zhou Li, which was later recorded by historians, or another version, or Rui Liangfu saw that the policy of Rong Yigong after taking power caused a mess in the world and restated it.
Rui Liangfu said: "The little minister and the good man respectfully told the Son of Heaven: The Son of Heaven is the parent of the people, if he pays attention to benevolence, even if he is far away, there is no one who will not surrender; If you don't talk about morality, even the concubines around you will deviate. The hearts of the people are benevolent, the Son of Heaven will be supported by the virtuous people, and the people will hate the Son of Heaven without virtue, think about how Xia Wei and Shang Wei died in the country! Son of Heaven, you inherit the inheritance of King Wen and King Wu, but your ruling boy is like a subordinate of a faint king, patent is a blessing, creating trouble, and the people will be unbearable! The king will take away the evil of the people, not be the evil of the people, and if he does the evil, the people will not see him as a king, but as an enemy! There are billions of people, and there is only one king. If the people were to attack the king, and the king was outnumbered, it would be dangerous.
Now your ruler is devoted to the things of greed and flattery, and does not promote virtue and righteousness to prevent trouble, and arouses the resentment of the people, and the wealth is exhausted, and you are at a loss, and you will eventually be in turmoil because you can't bear it! According to my humble opinion, if the monarch exercises virtuous government, it will not be passed down from generation to generation. Now the greatest tribulation of the Son of Heaven is from the people!
I hope that your ruling boy and the group of subordinates you reuse can only keep their positions if they wash their hearts, change their behavior, restrain themselves from the precipice, and correct their mistakes, otherwise they will not have a good end! If you continue to be wrong, I don't know if the king will be able to find peace. Disasters often occur from places that are neglected, from places that are despised, and the more we do not pay attention to them, the more hidden dangers are hidden. Isn't it sad that you rulers do not seek goodness, but only seek to steal peace, and the officials achieve it through bribery, and the virtuous and wise do not dare to express their opinions, and the villains are very loud, avoiding problems and engaging in profit?
I have heard: people are judged by their words, and people adorn their words; Win people by deeds, and people do their best. Disguised rhetoric is useless, and it is only by doing everything you can to achieve something. You boys collude with each other to serve the king with adorned words. The king seems to have accepted you, but in the end it won't work. You deceive each other again and again. You think you have a bright future, but I think you're at the end of your rope. Think carefully about kindness and be prepared for trouble. Don't wait for disaster to come and regret it, then what will you regret? Don't be unpredictable! ”
Rui Liangfu denounced Rong Yigong and some of his friends as "ruling boys" - calling them small things that have no hair on their mouths, how can such people govern the country, it is simply a disaster for the country and the people.
The unearthed document Qinghua Jian's "Rui Liangfu Yu" also contains Rui Liangfu's warning, saying that Ji Zhou's world disasters are getting more and more serious, and the subjects have their own ghosts, flies and dogs, selfishness, all busy looting wealth, no one cares about the people, and no one cares about the country's tranquility, so Rui Liangfu made a warning article. The article expresses the feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
But for Rui Liangfu's court disputes and direct advice, King Zhou Li just didn't listen.
As Rui Liangfu said, the new policies of King Zhou Li and Rong Yigong caused everyone to be dissatisfied, "the princes do not enjoy it", "King Li abuses, and the people slander the king".
Huaiyi's protest may also have something to do with it. Huaiyi resisted Zhou many times and was conquered by Ji Zhou many times, was forced to provide taxes, and was oppressed by Ji Zhou. After King Zhou Li raised taxes, Huaiyi could not bear it and rebelled again. According to the Jinwen information seen so far, the Xu Huai people crossed the Yellow River at least twice during the Western Zhou Dynasty. once in the early or early middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, or during the reign of King Mu of Zhou; Once in the late middle or late stage, there is a high probability that it will be in the time of King Zhou Li. In the literature, Xu Fa Huai Duluo also has two times: once is King Xu Yan when King Zhou Mu is king, and once is King Ju. (See the love and hatred between the mysterious King Xu Yan and King Mu of Zhou and King Chu) "The Book of Rites: Under the Tan Bow" records: In the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarch of the State of Yi was buried, and the State of Xu sent a person named Rong Ju to mourn, and Rong Ju proudly traced the ancient things and said, "In the past, I was the first king."The king of the foals is in the westJi Yu RiverThat is, a certain monarch of the Xu State was called King Ju, who had crossed the Yellow River in the west. King Xuju's western expedition to the Jihe River may be the period of King Li. Because King Zhou Li was recognized as a "bad" monarch by the Zhou people later, Xu was able to speak calmly on important occasions. If you are well, it is impossible; The rest of the kings were not mentioned during their reigns. And the king of Zhou You will not, because the Western Zhou Dynasty fell and the Zhou Dynasty did not fall, it is a bit of a robbery while the fire is fired, and it cannot be publicized. Therefore, the only one who can preach is King Zhou Li, that is, King Ju is King Xu Yan when King Zhou Li was King. When King Xu Yan of King Mu of Zhou attacked the Zhou Dynasty, King Mu of Zhou was characterized as a male lord (the Dusk King was defined by later generations), so no one should say it out of place in the Spring and Autumn Period. The country of Hubei could not afford such a high tax, and the Chu war and the Eji Zhou ignored it, and every time Zhou went on an expedition to the south, the Hou of Hu had to pay money and people - so, the country of Hu slapped the table - the opposite! So it is possible that Huaiyi and Hubei may unite and attack Ji Zhou together. Because Hubei was located in the north-south transportation artery, it secretly provided cover, grain and grass, etc., so that it once crossed the Yellow River and invaded southern Jin.
And it is precisely because everyone's interests are damaged, and most of the people of the king are nobles in the state, maybe they are unwilling to use their strength, so there is the defeat of the king division, and King Zhou Li has to use the Wugong family soldiers.
The so-called "abuse" may refer to the "patent" of King Zhou Li, which has also caused "slander" among the Chinese people.
There is today".DefamationThe word, in fact, has the same meaning: "Shuowen Jie Zi" says "slander, slander", "slander, slander", "slander the truth of the Taoist people, things are different from slander", "let the words slander, whisper slander, say ridicule". Slander and slander have no emotional meaning at the beginning, referring to public (slander) or private (slander) discussing the actual shortcomings of others, expressing dissatisfaction, making suggestions, etc., "Mozi Jing I" contains "slander, clear evil", "Warring States Policy: Qi Ce" "Zou Ji satirizes the king of Qi to admonish" The king of Qi ordered that "there is a ability to slander and ridicule the city dynasty", that is, in terms of pointing out mistakes, it is not framing or framing people. It was only later that "slander" became a derogatory term, specifically referring to the slander of a person with false words.
The people of the country slandered the king", in fact, it is a normal political behavior, the people accused King Zhou Li of doing something wrong, that is, after King Zhou Li implemented the new policy, the people complained, and called Mu Gong to see this situation and ran to persuade: "The people can't bear it!" ”
At this time, it is necessary to listen to the public opinion and explain it well. and even strictly investigate whether there is any obstruction and deliberate sabotage (see the early signs of the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty: social upheaval during the Gong, Yi, Xiao, and Yi kings in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty). However, King Zhou Li was furious, and after some thought, he used some sorcerers (Wei Wu) to supervise the country, and whoever dared to say bad things about him would be caught and killed. This is simply the establishment of the earliest East Factory and West Factory three thousand years ago, that is, Klober - Intelligence Department. King Zhou Li made a serious mistake by adopting a "high-pressure policy" when the people were dissatisfied.
The intelligence department played a role, and the people did not dare to chat, so they met "".Roads to the eye—Giving each other a look—Slander restrained.
Seeing the results, King Zhou Li was very happy, and boasted to Zhao Mugong: "You see, slander (slander) cannot be eliminated, they dare not talk nonsense." ”
Gong Zhao Mu sighed and said, "This is elimination, this is a blockage." The mouth of the people is more important than the Sichuan。When the water is clogged, it doesn't seem to flow, but it collapses over time, hurting more people; The same is true for the common people, who seem to have an effect by not letting them speak, but there is a greater danger hidden. Therefore, the water should be channeled, and the people should be allowed to put forward their opinions. If you block the mouths of ordinary people, how long can you hold on? ”
King Zhou Li still didn't listen, didn't feel that something was wrong, but became more severe, and continued to implement high-pressure policies, as a result, "the country dare not speak", everyone's mouths seemed to be glued by invisible glue, and they were silent.
Why didn't King Zhou Li listen? It's very simple, since a policy is issued, it is also "on the string", and it is difficult to ride a tiger, how can you repent; With the cost of war, the extravagance of the royal family, and the near-collapse of finances, King Zhou Li will not only not cancel the original policy, but will also step up the implementation of the policy. The emperors of all dynasties had several henchmen, although these people were criticized by the scholars and had a bad reputation, but the emperors were right. Sometimes it's not that the emperor is mediocre, but it's a "difficult" choice, reusing those who can "solve my worries". For example, Yan Song of the Ming Dynasty, Wei Zhongxian, and He Shen of the Qing Dynasty. These individuals were all looting money for the emperor. There are some clear streams, and the head of the criticism is the Tao, but they have broken and not established, and they cannot come up with a concrete solution to the financial depletion, and they cannot make money for the emperor. And the so-called "traitorous ministers", regardless of face and morality, use all kinds of even inferior methods to make money for the emperor. So, the emperor knew that they were not good things either, but he still liked them, reused them, and of course - allowed him to be corrupt. Therefore, corruption promotes corruption, **promotion**, and violations of discipline and law promote violations of discipline and law, and finally form a huge network of "traitors". Others can only join the sequence by joining this network and becoming "traitors", and those who are alone can only become people outside the circle, and even fewer dare to raise objections. The emperor would also deliberately promote those who "dared to speak" to show his open-mindedness, and at the same time to create hope for the people of the other gang, and to balance the power of the "traitors" who were too big to threaten him. When the old emperor died, the new emperor ascended the throne, obeyed the will of the people, and brought to justice the "traitorous minister" - and then looked for another "traitor".
King Li was happy too early, like a spring, the tighter the pressure ** the greater the force, because King Zhou Li's bloody clamping ** - Chinese said that three years later, "(the countrymen) are the king of Yu Yu", "the princes do not enjoy, the king is in the Yu". It is known as the "Rebellion" in history. Later scholars also called it the "Chinese Rebellion".
Unlike the "Chinese" that calls King Li "Liu", the "Shiji" basically calls him "Ben". "Zhou Benji" said, "For three years, it is the phase and the side, attacking the king." King Li ran out of Yu Yu"; "Three Generations of the World" and "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" "King Li Hu with bad news (encounter) chaos", "and to King Li, with bad news,."The minister was afraid of punishment and made trouble, King Li then ran to Yu Yu"; The princes' "Family" also called "Ben" or "Ben" when it comes to this matter. This "Bamboo Book Chronicle" says that "the king died and ran to the top".
"Liu" is to arrest King Zhou Li and then put him under house arrest, which is called exile; And "run", from a neutral point of view, means to take the initiative to take refuge, and in a derogatory sense, it may be a last resort to flee, and there is no other choice.
In short, everyone couldn't bear it anymore, rebelled, and united to attack King Zhou Li. King Zhou Li was in a hurry and did not have time to organize resistance, or the army did not listen to the call, or even the royal division was defeated, or he may have been detained, and then arrived like a lost dog. It is in the area of today's Huo County, close to the Jin Kingdom, and is on the bank of the Fen River, so King Zhou Li is also called ".King Fen
After King Zhou Li was exiled, the people of the country still did not give up, and they wanted to cut down the grass and eradicate the roots. The crown prince hid in the house of Zhaomu Gong, and the countrymen surrounded his house and forced him to hand over the prince to atone for his father's sins. Zhao Mugong thought that he had persuaded King Zhou Li, but King Zhou Li did not obey, if he handed over the prince, he would be considered by King Zhou Li to take the prince to vent his anger. In order to protect the crown prince, Zhao Mugong pushed his son to the front and let everyone kill him.
When King Zhou Li fled and summoned the prince to hide from the world and cross the sea with the strategy of "changing the tanuki for the prince", making the people mistakenly believe that the "prince" was dead, the chaos calmed down.
The sacrificial text of the 12th year of King Zhou Li's sacrifice to the ancestors contained in the "Gui" claims that he is making great efforts, and the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" is based on the 12th year of King Zhou Li. If both accounts are correct, it is likely that King Zhou Li is still resisting stubbornly, hoping to use his own merits to explain the grievances of being exiled.
Zhou Li never came back after Wang Liu or Ben Bi, ** republican administration" until his death fourteen years later. King Zhou Li committed many injustices and finally paid a painful price. For fourteen years, King Zhou Li lived in Yi, and I don't know if he regretted it. And in the fourteenth year, the state of Zhou has also changed, the country can't be without a king for a day, it seems to be a joke, anyone can turn without the earth, and a regime can't say that it can't do without anyone, let alone a small organization.
China has always emphasized "seats" rather than "individuals". The seat is the mandate of heaven, it is placed there, whoever has the mandate of heaven can do it, the mandate of heaven favors the moral people, and only the virtuous people can defend it. Therefore, it is not yours who gets the seat, but you who do the way for heaven; If you are not virtuous, you will also lose the position you get. Therefore, don't be too happy and worried about getting a seat and losing a seat, the so-called "don't be happy with things and don't be sad about yourself", what joy is gained, and what is sad when you lose?
King Zhou Li has changed from a fierce man who has a strong "bright sword" to the rebels and sternly orders to "fight the Marquis of E" and make the Chu State tremble, to a disliked love that everyone dislikes - this life is really high and low, ** two heavens.