The predecessor of the Yuan Dynasty was the Great Mongolian State, in 1206 Genghis Khan Temujin founded the country with the north and south of the desert and the forest region (that is, the Nebuchu region), through the management of the successive Mongol Khans and three westward expeditions, the territory from the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the east, to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in the west, across Siberia in the north, and the Persian Gulf in the south.
During the period of Genghis Khan, the kings of the host province and the kings of the west were divided into the kings of the host province and the younger brother of Temujin, and most of them were divided into the eastern part of the Saibei and the northeast region, and the subordinate attributes were strong. The kings of the Western Province were the sons of Temujin, and their eldest son, Jochi, was in the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Kipchak steppes north of Lake Balkhash, and later established the Kipchak Khanate by Batu. The second son of Feng Chagatai is in the old land of Western Liao north of the Syr Darya River, and is known as the Chagatai Khanate in history. The three sons, Wokotai, were divided into the old land of Naiman, and later established the Ogedai Khanate by Haidu. Saibei, Handi, Northeast China, Qinghai-Tibet and eastern Xinjiang were obtained by the young son Tulei, and later directly under the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1279 AD, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, conquered the Southern Song Dynasty and unified China, and the Han Dynasty, Monan, Mobei, Northeast China, eastern Xinjiang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Penghu Islands, Jeju Island and the South China Sea Islands were all under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1310, during the reign of Yuan Wuzong, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate divided the Ögedai Khanate, and the Yuan Dynasty obtained the Moxi territory of the Ögedai Khanate.
Territory of the Yuan Dynasty. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was vast, stretching from the Sea of Japan in the east, the South China Sea in the south, the Tianshan Mountains in the west, and Lake Baikal in the northAs for some maps that depict the northern provinces of Lingling and Liaoyang in the Yuan Dynasty to the Arctic Ocean and include the whole of Siberia, I think it is inappropriate, and the northernmost to Lake Baikal is the most in line with historical factsThe territory of the Yuan Dynasty is estimated to be between 13.72 million square kilometers and 14.5 million square kilometers, making it the largest dynasty in Chinese history. The history of the Yuan Dynasty said that the east end of Liao, the left and the west pole quicksand, the north over the Yin Mountain, the south of the sea surface, the Han and Tang dynasties were not as good as the time of the extreme.
The administrative divisions of the Yuan Dynasty were:Provinces, roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties, a total of 5 levels of institutions, Xing Province is the abbreviation of Xingzhongshu Province, which is the dispatched agency of Zhongshu Province. During the Yuan Dynasty, the country was divided into the Gyeonggi region (i.e., Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and parts of Monan) and 10 Xingzhongshu provinces, namely Lingbei Province, Liaoyang Province, Gansu Province, Shaanxi Province, Henan Jiangbei Province, Huguang Province, Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Jiangsu-Zhejiang Province, and Jiangxi Province.
Although the provincial system was established in the Yuan Dynasty, it originated in the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty set up Shangshu Province in **, and then the Shangshu Province sent Xingtai to garrison the place. After the Yuan Dynasty unified the country, Zhongshu Province was established in **, and Zhongshu Province dispatched Pingzhang to supervise the military, administrative and financial powers of various regions, which was called Xingzhongshu Province, referred to as Xingzhongshu Province. At first, the province was only a dispatched agency, but later it gradually evolved into the highest administrative body of the locality.
In addition to setting up provinces, the Yuan Dynasty also set up the Xuanzheng Yuan (originally known as the General System Yuan) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, some areas of Sichuan and Qinghai, and set up three Xuanwei Divisions under the Xuanzheng Yuan, Gansi (Xikang), Duosima (in Qinghai, also known as Tubo Yiwei Division) and WusizangThis is the first time that the Chinese Dynasty has set up an administrative body in the Qinghai-Tibet region to exercise de facto jurisdiction
The Yuan Dynasty set up the Penghu Inspection Department in Taiwan, which was the beginning of Taiwan's formal jurisdiction.
The Yuan Dynasty established a large number of Tusi institutions in Burma, and for a time set up the province of Burma.
The Yuan Dynasty also set up a province to conquer the east in Korea for a time.
The Yuan Dynasty also had a military stronghold similar to the Han and Tang Protectorates, the Marshal of Zhengdong Mansion set up in Nuergan in Heilongjiang.
The Yuan Dynasty did not rule most of Xinjiang, which at the time belonged to the Chagatai Khanate, one of the four great khanates.
The vassal states of the Yuan Dynasty included Goryeo, Burma, Annam, Champong, and the four khanates. Among them, there were two vassal states directly under the Goryeo Dynasty and the Bagan Dynasty of Burma, which were divided into special administrative regions to conquer the eastern province and the central province of Burma. In 1268, the Haidu of the Ögedai Khanate attempted to regain the Khanate's throne and united the Kipchak Khanate with the Chagatai Khanate against the Yuan, which was known as the Haidu Rebellion. It was not until 1304 that the Yuan Dynasty reached peace with these three khanates, and together with the Ilkhanate, recognized the suzerainty of the Yuan Dynasty and became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. By 1310, during the reign of Yuan Wuzong, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate jointly attacked and destroyed the Ögedai Khanate. During the compilation of the "Jingshi Dadian" during the reign of Yuan Wenzong, the Kipchak Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate were listed as vassal states of the Yuan Dynasty.
The largest territory of the Yuan Dynasty can be understood as: Zhongshu Province + 10 provinces + Xuanzheng Yuan + Zhengdong Province + Burma Central Province + Four Great Khanates + Annam vassal state + Champa vassal state.
The provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty also broke the geographical situation of mountains and rivers, and replaced mountains and rivers with dogs and teeth to facilitate the division of administrative divisions, forming a pattern of controlling the south from the north. For example, the capitals of the southern provinces are in the northernmost place, and the northern borders of all provinces and regions are open to the north, making it more difficult to secede, making it impossible for local governors to be self-reliant, which is conducive to strengthening the centralization of power and the unification of the country. However, this method of artificially breaking the geography of mountains and rivers has also weakened the sense of local economic and cultural identity, resulting in the fragmentation of local economy and culture, which is not conducive to the healthy development of regional economy.
The area of the provinces in the Yuan Dynasty was too large, and later the Ming and Qing dynasties cut the provinces on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty and made the area of the provinces smaller. For example, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces are split into Zhejiang and Fujian, Jiangxi provinces are split into Guangdong, Huguang provinces are split into Huguang, Guangxi and Guizhou, and Zhongshu provinces are split into Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi.
The Yuan Dynasty ended the long-term confrontation between Liao, Song, Xia, Jin, Yuan, Tubo and Dali, and the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty allowed the frontier and the interior to implement a unified administrative system, so that the frontier and the interior were gradually integrated, so that the East Asian continent gradually became a whole, and greatly strengthened the unification of the country.
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