In the middle of summer night, the coolly dressed little girl was taking the bus home.
After a day of work, Xiao Qian was a little tired and leaned on the railing. Suddenly, she vaguely felt that something had rubbed against her skirt, and when she looked down, the man next to her was actually using her mobile phone!
You, how dare you? You a**! Xiao Qian was ashamed and angry, and grabbed the man.
Seeing this, the man bit back: "You said that if I shoot you, I will shoot you?" The relevant departments issued a certificate? ”
At this time, a passenger next to him spoke: "I testify, you are indeed a ** girl!" He shook his phone, "I have evidence, don't try to deny it!" ”
* was actually **! The man panicked for a moment, wanted to break free from the pull, and yelled viciously: "Let me get out of the car, if I don't let me get out of the car, I'll beat you!" Lao Tzu is a practitioner! ”
However, it is not enough to just talk about the practitioners. In the end, the man was outnumbered and sent to the police station after being taken by the passengers.
At the police station, the man restrained his fierce appearance, as if he was the wronged party: "Oh, comrade police, which man is not lustful?" I just made the same mistake that all men in the world make! ”
What did you say? The policeman was furious, "I'm also a man, do you mean I'm just like you!?" "There are all human and material evidence, and the suspect's attitude is so bad, the police immediately decided to detain the man.
The man realized that there was no hope of "turning the tables", and yelled at Xiao Qian, full of grievances: "You are just being **, and I am embarrassed, and I have a criminal record!" ”
Some good deeds wrote the whole process into a paragraph and uploaded it to the Internet, which soon rushed to the hot search, attracting the crowd of people who eat melons to watch:
Netizen A: "Heh, who would wear such a short skirt to a serious girl?" Maybe it's the initiative to attract bees and butterflies! ”
Netizen B: "He is also a family person, how will his wife and children see people in the future?" It's just impulsive, don't be unforgiving! ”
Netizen C: "In the future, this kind of person will be directly pulled out and castrated, and it will be cut to eternal rule!" ”
Netizen D: "Yo, why did you happen to be completely videotaped?" Is this someone doing a game to calculate this man? ”
The above stories are purely a patchwork, and if there are similarities, they are purely coincidental.
However, although the story is fictional, the logical fallacies contained in it are filled with too many places, and they change different faces and appear in turn around you and me.
The 8 most common thinking fallacies
Fallacy one
Appeal to authority
The man played a scoundrel: "You said I filmed you, so I filmed?" The relevant departments issued a certificate? ”
Constantly moving out of "a certain department" and "someone said", with a swaggering expression, in a vain attempt to overwhelm the other party with "authority".
Other examples:
It doesn't count if you say that your dad is your dad, you must have a seal from the relevant departments.
The two debated whether genetically modified crops were harmful to humans, and one of them said: "My wife is a food expert, and she is sure that eating genetically modified foods will change the child's genes, which is why my son and I are not consistent in the paternity test!" ”
Fallacy two
Recourse to violence
The man wanted to slip away: "Let me get out of the car, if I don't let me get out of the car, I'll beat you!" Lao Tzu is a practitioner! ”
The fist is the truth", or "Xiucai meets the soldier, and the reason is not clear".
Other examples:
Do you want to copy your homework for me? If you don't give it, I'll beat you! ”
In the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong advised Zaifeng not to ignore public opinion, and Zaifeng replied: "There are soldiers." ”
Fallacy three
Appeal to the masses
The man pretended to be aggrieved: "Oh, comrade policeman, which man is not lustful?" I just made the same mistake that all men in the world make! ”
It seems that because men are like this, it doesn't matter if they are like this.
The majority is justice", and even this "majority" is just made up - the upright man said that it was inexplicably represented.
Other examples:
When I was crossing the street, I was stopped running a red light, and I asked disapplausively: "But everyone is running a red light?" ”
An employee who smokes in the office defends himself when he is dissuaded: "There are more people smoking in the house, why can't I?" ”
Fallacy four
Individual-centered
The man cried to Xiaoqian: "You were just ** down, and I was embarrassed, and I have a criminal record!" ”
The translation is: It doesn't matter how much you suffer, I can't be punished.
Be lenient and strict with others", take your own interests as the center in everything, but do not respect the interests of others, and double standards for yourself and others.
Other examples:
Others selling me ** is a profiteer, and I selling others ** is "I deserve it".
I lost my wallet, "What should I do, I lost my wallet, everyone help me find it"; Someone else loses their wallet, "isn't it just a wallet, if you lose it, you lose it, what is there to find".
Fallacy five
Personal attacks
Netizen A: "Heh, who would wear such a short skirt to a serious girl?" Maybe it's the initiative to attract bees and butterflies! ”
He doesn't just talk about things, but he points fingers at the parties - especially the victims - in a weird way.
Circumventing events or opinions, arguing about the other party's personality, motives, attitudes, status, or circumstances, etc., often leads to condescending personality humiliation and motive questioning.
Personal attacks have developed to the extreme and become "victim imperfectionism", as if only a "perfect person" deserves to be a victim. Victims of questionable character and quality have become "deserved" in the eyes of some.
Other examples:
Someone left a message: "Say, how much money did you receive for sending this article?" ”
When Xiao Ming changed his mobile phone, he chose a fruit mobile phone instead of a certain mobile phone, and was criticized for being unpatriotic.
Fallacy 6
Appeal to pity
Netizen B: "He is also a family person, how will his wife and children see people in the future?" It's just impulsive, don't be unforgiving! ”
By changing the role of the perpetrator to that of the victim, "the hateful must have pity", as if the perpetrator is pitiful and therefore can escape or reduce the punishment.
Trying to arouse the "heart of the Virgin" of the onlookers to stand for themselves, and trying to use pseudo-sympathy to cover up right and wrong, it seems that it is not TA who is wrong, but other miscellaneous factors.
Other examples:
Those who assisted the Nazis during World War II were like "we are also victims" who could wash their blood-stained hands.
Some entertainment auditions eventually turned into "miserable meetings".
Fallacy seven
Keen on shortcuts
Netizen C: "In the future, this kind of person will be directly pulled out and castrated, and it will be cut to eternal rule!" ”
Many people tend to make "one-size-fits-all" suggestions, or simply just irresponsible tongue-in-cheek, as if a single sentence can be solved.
Keen on simple and crude methods or shortcuts, but really reliable methods are complex.
Other examples:
In the face of some kind of criminal behavior, "Isn't it over to shoot them?" ”
Isn't it easy to win? Ban on selling a certain soil! Sell a debt! ”
Fallacy eight
Conspiracy theories
Netizen D: "Yo, why did you happen to be completely videotaped?" Is this someone doing a game to calculate this man? ”
Translation: The perpetrators are all framed by people, and this water must be very deep.
Everything feels like a step in a "big game of chess", and the magnificent plot made up by the brain is self-satisfied, creating an illusory sense of intellectual superiority, and deceiving praise by the way.
Other examples:
Global warming is a well-choreographed big ** by the mysterious organization.
The popularity of gene-edited crops in China is "the imperialist will not die".
How to counter the fallacy
Effectively improve logical thinking ability?
The thinking fallacy is like a haze, and it is everywhere all around. People who smoke too much are not good for physical and mental health, and can even be contagious.
Since ancient times, the weakest link in traditional Chinese culture has been logical thinking. Teacher Yuan Weishi is here"Late Civilization".The twists and turns in China's transformation process are also closely related to the lack of traditional thinking methods.
How to deal with it? The fundamental method is to train logical thinking.
Generally speaking, logical thinking means that every assertion must clarify the premise, reason carefully, and reflect on the conclusion, in order to judge the truth and falsehood, distinguish right from wrong, and counter the fallacy.
Fundamentally speaking, behind logical thinking is actually the underlying cognitive structure of human beings, which is a bottomless science. Ordinary professional books on logic are too abstract and complex for the average reader.
The most popular introduction to logic: "New Introduction to Logic".
Here, I recommend the Taiwanese logic master Yin Haiguang for book friends"New Introduction to Logic: How to Distinguish Right from Wrong".This book is a systematic and rigorous logic course, but it is written in a dialogue style and is easy to understand.
Mr. Yin Haiguang graduated from Southwest Associated University under the tutelage of Mr. Jin Yuelin, a master of logic. After going to Taiwan in 1949, he taught logic at National Taiwan University for many years. Famous scholars such as Lin Yusheng, Chen Guying, and Li Ao are all his students, and he is also the most revered spiritual leader and enlightenment master in Taiwan for generations.
In addition, this book also deliberately focuses on the most common logical fallacies of Chinese people, and the 8 fallacies just mentioned are born from this book.