**10,000 Powder Incentive Program In 1500 years of rural households, each family was able to cultivate 30 acres of land with their best efforts, but for larger leasehold farms, hiring farm laborers became a necessary option.
At. Ten. In the third and fourteenth centuries, the serf families who held large tracts of land did not have enough labor, so the burden of servitude on the estates caused the serfs to lose a lot of time.
Even serfs who held a share of "Wilgt" land needed hired laborers to do all the farming work. In addition, whether the lords or the free peasants or serfs, they wanted to increase the amount of grain harvested to make more profits in the market.
However, it was difficult for serfs who held a larger share of land to cultivate all their share of land under the condition of hard labor. Therefore, the serfs preferred to hire people to cultivate or fight for labor over labor rather than leave the land idle, and even wanted to acquire more land to meet the needs of production.
This brings us to the inflation of the economy of medieval England and its effects on prices and rural wages and labor. At the end of the first decade of the fourteenth century, many ** were already 25% higher than in 1299 when the last calculation was made.
Inflation in England continued from 1180 until the Great Famine of the first half of the fourteenth century. During this period, the intensification of self-camp labor and the importance of wage labor led to a reversal of the conversion of labor in the estate.
At the beginning of the fourteenth century, despite facing the same inflationary background, the attitude of the lords towards the conversion of labor changed very differently. This is mainly due to the wage factor brought about by population growth, which allows lords to pursue maximum profits by capturing changes in wages.
In order to cope with the special demand stimuli brought about by inflation and famine, the lords began to use wage farming as an important insurance and supplement to self-employment, and may even replace traditional self-employment with labor as the main body.
Therefore, the conversion of labor and wage employment is not only an economic risk aversion, but also a catalyst for the development of the employment system and the progress of labor commutation.
The owner of the estate needs to consider the actual need for economic efficiency and choose wage employment instead of servitude. As the population increased, hacienda labor became complex and uncertain. Although in the thirteenth century, servitude was the best option for the owners of the estates to make a profit, with the times.
Li Yunfei pointed out that the beginning of the 14th century was a turning point in the boom of self-management. On many estates, there is a phenomenon of self-owned rental. However, self-camp rentals existed before the Black Death, but were not widespread.
In most cases, the owner's camp is rented out because the manor land is barren or the owner's income is not well managed, and the lord lacks cash. After renting, the self-camp is usually repossessed.
Nevertheless, the long-term and stable monetary rent was undoubtedly more popular with the peasants, especially the new reclamation area of the western county was very attractive to serfs. From 1086 to 1350, there was a significant increase in the number of tenants in Worcestershire.
At Alfchurch and Hanbury Manors in northern Worcestershire, the number of tenants increased by 108 per cent and 45 per cent respectively. In other estates, the number of tenants grew between 13 and 64 per cent.
The Worcester area has a relatively large percentage of self-managed rentals and rents for a relatively long period of time, thus attracting a large number of new tenant farmers. However, in the early fourteenth century, due to the contraction of the pioneer movement, many of the newly cultivated land in the western county was of poor quality, resulting in a decline in the number of self-camp rentals.
At the same time, the share of money rent was not affected. The resurgence of the pioneer movement increased the free labor in the cities and estates, and the pressure of the population and famine affected the grain harvest and exacerbated the gap between the English ** and the wages, which in turn prompted the lords to adopt a mercenary system in their own camps, and the serfs to return to cultivate their own shares to provide monetary rent for the lords.
Although the rental of self-camp objectively eliminated servitude, it could only be used as an important evidence of the conversion of servitude until the fifteenth century.
New Copy: In the fifties and sixties of the fourteenth century after the Black Death, the lords worked hard to ensure the operation of their own camps and the execution of serf servitude. Despite the restrictions on the wages of serfs under the Labor Act, the serfs resisted forcefully by letting their crops rot in the ground**.
It was not until the Watt Taylor Revolt that the revolt of the serfs pushed for the conversion of self-camp rentals and servitude. With the population declining and the economy depressed, food began to decline for a long time, while the value of labor became increasingly valuable, which made self-camp operations unprofitable.
As a result, renting out the camps became the main option for estate owners at the end of the fourteenth century. By the middle of the fifteenth century, most landowners had changed from direct producers to renters, which meant that the rental of manor owners' own estates had become more or less widespread throughout England.
The rental of the manor also meant that the manor lost the basis of the existence of servitude, and the lords who collected the rent and rented it out from the camp began to accept the monetary rent, which was the beginning of the shift of the manor estate in England to the operation of large leased farms.
By expanding their operations and reforming their land management and farming practices, the rents of these farmers also became the main income of the lords**. The effect of the conversion of labor on the serf class was accompanied by the dissolution of the manor system, marking the transition from the era of group agricultural organization to the era of individual agriculture.
Serfs were granted free status, which encouraged individual careers and established the principle of competition in determining money rents and wages. The large-scale development of leased farms meant that the process of replacing labor with money rent was accelerated, and it also had a positive effect on the emancipation of serfs.
In particular, when the lord's self-camp rental was fully developed, and the serf labor disappeared, and the consciousness of renting farms and enclosures appeared, the serfs gained unprecedented freedom.
As the social driving force for the elimination of labor and the emancipation of serfs, the most important impact of the conversion of labor was the elimination of labor and the penetration of commercial consciousness into all aspects of British society, which promoted the development of British society to a more commercial society, a more enclosed farm village and a more mercantilist society.
Structurally, it promoted the disintegration of the feudal manor system, and eliminated the shackles and conservatism of the feudal system from the foundation.
In the late Middle Ages, the pace of serf emancipation gradually accelerated, gradually weakening the control of the lords over the serfs. However, with the emancipation of the serfs, they also lost a certain degree of security from the collective farming system, such as the lords could ensure the quality of housing for the village peasants, and the rural communes could ensure the serfs' needs for arable land and grazing.
However, in this new era, the competition is becoming more and more fierce and everything is becoming more and more uncertain.