Pottery? Chinaware?
Chinaware? Are you still stupid and can't tell the difference?
Today, Zhengbo cultural relics are here to answer your questions!
Retrospective
Pottery? From the Upper Paleolithic period.
Humans have begun to shape certain images out of clay.
Such as Europe more than 10,000 years ago.
Statues of bison and bears from the Magdelin culture.
is the clearest example of this.
At the same time, human beings have obtained in the practice of long-term use of fire.
The formed clay can be turned into a hard lump after being burned by fire.
These are the prerequisites for the production of pottery.
With the development of the agrarian economy and settled life.
Storage of cereals and transportation of drinking water.
All of this emerging vessel – pottery.
The invention of pottery is an epoch-making symbol in the history of human social development.
This was the first time that humans changed through chemistry.
The creative activity of transforming one substance into another.
On the banks of the Nile in Egypt, in the region of Western Asia.
and Syria and the Indus Valley.
as well as Italy, Mexico, Peru, etc.
Neolithic pottery has appeared;
For China. In the ruins of the Wannian Immortal Cave in Jiangxi Province about 17,000 years ago.
516 pottery shards were unearthed.
The pottery pieces unearthed in the fairy cave are in kind.
Chinaware? Porcelain was invented a little later than pottery.
However, the exact date of the invention of porcelain is still a matter of controversy.
Point 1: The Shang Dynasty had a porcelain theory. In the fifties, in Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hebei, Shandong and other places, a lot of Shang Dynasty glazed pottery fragments and whole vessels were unearthed with kaolin as tires, surface glaze, hard texture, and sintering temperature of nearly 1200 degrees Celsius.
Viewpoint 2: The time when porcelain appeared was the Western Han Dynasty. One of the tombs of Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan Province has a batch of bamboo rows, some of which have the word "capital" written on some of the bamboo rows, and the utensils with bamboo rows are the so-called "printed hard pottery", some scholars believe that "capital" is through the word "porcelain", and these printed hard pottery, although it is primitive, can still be called the earliest porcelain;
Opinion 3: Liu Bingcheng and other scholars believe that the age of porcelain should be discussed according to the period when the word "porcelain" was first seen and the artifacts excavated by archaeology, and a number of hard and green glazed artifacts appeared in the tombs and ruins of the Wei and Jin dynasties, according to which the time of porcelain should be in the Wei and Jin dynasties.
On the question of the origin of porcelain.
The academic community has not been able to close the coffin.
Mawangdui Han Tomb.
Mawangdui Han Tomb Bamboo Slips (detail).
Addendum: The transition from pottery to porcelain has actually gone through a long time. Since the discovery of primitive porcelain fragments at the Yinxu site in Anyang in the twenties, primitive porcelain ruins have been discovered in various places in the north and south. So what is the original porcelain? The Chinese Ceramic Society held the "Chinese Ancient Ceramics Academic Conference" in Jinhua, in which ceramic archaeologists and ceramic science and technology research experts finally reached a relatively unanimous opinion after systematic research and full discussion: there is a transitional stage in the development process from pottery to porcelain, that is, primitive porcelain. The properties of primitive porcelain are intermediate between pottery and porcelain, and sometimes closer to porcelain, but not yet exactly equivalent to porcelain. The emergence of primitive porcelain is a major event in the history of the development of ceramic technology in China.
Chinaware? Ceramics are made from clay.
It is fired at a certain temperature.
Pottery? Generally, it is made of clay with a low melting point as raw material, and is fired at a lower temperature (generally 700-800, sometimes it can reach 1000, but usually not more than 1200).
Chinaware? It is made of porcelain clay or porcelain stone as raw material and fired at a higher temperature (usually 1200).
This is the porcelain clay I laid for you.
Supplement: In fact, the raw materials and firing temperature of ceramics are affected by many aspects such as region and age, which is a relatively complex issue. For example, as a porcelain raw material porcelain clay and porcelain stone, due to different origins, the components are different, generally speaking, in the south of our country in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian more use porcelain stone as porcelain raw materials, and the north mostly uses porcelain clay as raw materials, sometimes need to add an appropriate amount of feldspar, quartz and other components.
In a nutshell. The clay raw materials used in ceramics are different from the firing temperature.
As a result, they differ in many ways.
Glaze. The surface of porcelain is generally glazed.
The melting temperature of the glaze is high, so it is called high-temperature glaze;
The surface of pottery is often not glazed.
This is especially true of early pottery.
But in the Han Dynasty in China, glazed pottery appeared.
The glaze on glazed pottery is different from the high-temperature glaze on the surface of porcelain.
It has a low melting temperature, so it is also called low-temperature glaze.
The famous Tang Dynasty Sancai glazed pottery (also known as Tang Sancai) glaze is low-temperature glaze.
Three-color Hu people lead camel figurines (now in the Palace Museum).
Sprinkled with blue glaze and painted with gold entwined branches and lotus pattern mallet bottle (now in the National Museum of China).
Porosity, water absorption, strength.
Precisely because of. Porcelain uses porcelain clay or porcelain stone with a relatively high melting point as the carcass raw material.
Firing at a higher temperature.
It makes the utensils have fewer pores, low water absorption and high mechanical strength.
If the surface is coated with another layer of enamel.
The performance will be better;
The opposite is true. Pottery is made of fusible clay with a low melting point.
Fired at a lower temperature.
Its properties are the opposite of porcelain.
There are many pores, large water absorption, and low mechanical strength.
Fetal quality. The fetal quality of the pottery is mostly colored.
Such as: red pottery, black pottery, gray pottery, etc.;
The carcass of porcelain is white;
This has to do with the raw material of the ceramic.
Amphora three-legged kettle.
terracotta).
Animal-shaped gray pottery.
Prehistoric wine vessels).
Transparency. Even if the carcass of pottery is relatively thin, it does not have the characteristics of translucency.
For example, the black pottery of the Yongsan culture.
As thin as an eggshell, but not transparent;
And the carcass of porcelain is no matter how thin or thick.
All have the characteristics of translucency.
It presents a crystal-clear feeling;
These distinctions are also determined by the nature of the raw materials that make up the carcass.
Longshan eggshell pottery cup (now in the National Museum of China).
Ceramics are a synthesis of science and art.
It is both a material product.
It is also a product of the spirit.
Chinese ceramics are the treasures of China's cultural heritage.