Why did Zhuge Liang say that Wei Yan had anti bones before he died?Did he really rebel?

Foreword [.]The case of "Wei Yan's rebellion" is one of the three major suspicious cases that occurred in Shu Han during Zhuge Liang's reign (the other two major suspicious cases are the abolition of Li Yan and the death of Ma Yan). Due to the influence of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and related film and television dramas, many people think that Wei Yan has a "backbone", and Zhuge Liang is clever and resourceful. So, is the real Wei Yan in history really "anti-bone"?Before Zhuge Liang died, did he really expect him to rebel?In this article, I will give you a detailed analysis of this case in combination with the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" and the expositions of relevant scholars.

Before analyzing this case, we have to take a look at what "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" says.

Wei Yan stills. According to the record of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhuge Liang arranged a series of things before he died. First, he handed over all his life's works to Jiang Wei and let him inherit his legacy;Second, asserted that Wei Yan must have rebelled, and told Ma Dai that he would act according to his plan after his deathThird, he handed Jiang Wei a bag of tips, saying that if he opened it after he died, someone would have killed Wei Yan by thenFourth, I told the Minister of Civil Affairs that the rules and regulations should not be easily abolished, but should follow the old rulesFifth, he expressed his endless regrets with the queen Liu Chan;Sixth, after his death, he did not mourn in secret, so as to confuse Sima Yi, and so on.

Later, as Zhuge Liang said, Wei Yan rebelled and was killed by Ma Dai.

The narrative of "Wei Yan's rebellion" in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is really colorful, wonderful, and fully demonstrates Zhuge Liang's wisdom. But "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is only a history ** after all, and its authenticity is questionable. If people believe that "Wei Yan rebelled", they not only wronged Wei Yan, but also wronged Zhuge Liang.

Therefore, in order to solve the mystery of this case, it is necessary to rely on the records of relevant historical materials.

Zhuge Liang stills.

According to the record of "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan", after Zhuge Liang fell seriously ill, he secretly summoned three people, namely Changshi Yang Yi, Sima Feiyi, and the protector Jiang Wei, and explained the retreat to them. Zhuge Liang said that after Wei Yan broke off, Jiang Wei was second, and if Wei Yan did not obey the order, the army would start on its own, and leave him alone.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi and others did not mourn. And Yang Yi was afraid that Wei Yan would act rashly, so he asked Fei Yi to inquire about the news and see what Wei Yan thought. Wei Yan didn't think about it, so he said: Although the prime minister is gone, I am still thereAlthough the prime minister is dead, I see it myself）。You only need to bury the prime minister, and I will lead the army to continue to exterminate the Cao thiefThe officials and subordinates of the government can return the funeral to the burial, and I should lead the army to fight the thief）。How can the Northern Expedition be abandoned because of the death of a man (Yun He is a person who dies and abolishes the evil things of the world）？And who am I, Wei Yan? How can I break the queen for him Yang Yi? After finishing speaking, Wei Yan discussed with Fei Yi and asked him to tell the three armies what he meant.

Fei Yi saw the situation and knew that he couldn't move Wei Yan, so he deceived Wei Yan and said: Yang Yi is just a civil official, he doesn't understand military affairs, and he will not dare to disobey your orders (Yang Changshi, a long-term history clerk, is more military, and he will not disobey his orders）。After speaking, Fei Yi went out and grabbed the horse and left. Wei Yan regretted it, but unfortunately he couldn't catch up. Wei Yan wanted to continue the northern expedition, but found that the army had already marched south. He was furious, led his soldiers to rush in front of Yang Yi's army, and burned down the inns along the way as he wentThe road that burned the pavilion was burned

Yang Yi stills. Not only that, Wei Yan also took a step ahead of Yang Yi and complained to the back master, saying that Yang Yi wanted to rebel. Yang Yi also played the queen's voice, saying that Wei Yan wanted to rebel. The two sides are like fire and water, and they will not give in to each other.

Everyone knows that Liu Chan is a mediocre and incompetent person, and he has no opinions, so he convened a meeting in front of the emperor to ask Dong Yun, Jiang Wan and others for their opinions. As a result, Dong Yun, Jiang Wan and others all expressed their belief in Yang Yi and suspicion of Wei Yan (Wan, Yun Xian Baoyi doubted）。So Liu Chan ordered to pursue Wei Yan. As a result, Wei Yan arrived first, garrisoned Nangukou, and sent people to attack Yang Yi and others.

Yang Yi ordered He Ping to defend against Wei Yan in front. He Ping openly scolded Wei Yan:The prime minister's bones are not cold, how dare you make such a mistake?

All the soldiers under Wei Yan thought that Wei Yan was at a loss, so they abandoned him one after another. Wei Yan had no choice but to escape with his son and run to Hanzhong. Yang Yi refused to let Wei Yan go and sent Ma Dai to hunt him down. As a result, Ma Dai killed Wei Yan and cut off his head, giving it to Yang Yi.

Yang Yi stepped on Wei Yan's head and scolded: You slave, can you still do evil?Slaves, no more can do evil）？After speaking, Yang Yi ordered the killing of the three clans of Wei Yan (Then the three tribes of Yiyan were destroyed

The above is the record of "Wei Yan's rebellion" in "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan". And through this narrative, it can be seen that Wei Yan's approach has many inappropriateness.

Wei Yan stills. First of all, it is the duty of a military man to obey orders. As a general, Wei Yan should obey Zhuge Liang's orders. But he didn't, which has to make people suspicious. Secondly, since Wei Yan said that he wanted to continue the Northern Expedition, why did he turn his gun and wave his army south? Doing so, it obviously made people think that he was going to attack Shu Han and conspire to rebel. In the end, Wei Yan's approach is indeed too much, and if he wants to return to the south, why should he cut off other people's back roadsThe road that burned the pavilion was burned

So, through this narrative, can it be proved that Wei Yan rebelled?

My answer is:No, you can't

Why?

First, Wei Yan just didn't want to obey Zhuge Liang's will, he didn't want to take refuge in Cao Wei.

Second, if Wei Yan really wanted to rebel, why did he go south instead of going north? Wouldn't that be the opposite of what to do?

Third, with Wei Yan's military strength, it is simply a fool's dream to usurp the Han Dynasty and become the emperor on his own.

In addition, Wei Yan was a staunch anti-Cao, and he would not be able to rebel. I think that at the beginning, when Liu Bei was the king of Hanzhong, he needed a big man to guard Hanzhong in the future, and many people thought that it was none other than Zhang Fei, and even Zhang Fei thought so (The public thought that it must be in Zhang Fei, and Fei also promised himself with his heart）。As a result, Liu Bei handed over this task to Wei Yan. Liu Bei also knew that he couldn't say it, so he asked Wei Yan what he had to do to defend against the enemy. Wei Yan said, if you raise the whole ** team to come, I will help you resist him. If he comes with only a hundred thousand troops, I will destroy him for you.

Wei Yan stills. Wei Yan's answer was really righteous and impassioned, and the image of a warrior jumped on the paper. Is it possible for such a person to have a "backbone"? Is it like someone who wants to surrender to Cao Wei? So even Dong Yun, Fei Yi and others only suspected that Wei Yan was going to rebel (Wan, Yun Xian Baoyi doubted）。Even Chen Shou, the author of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", was also aggrieved by Wei Yan, and he believed that the purpose of Wei Yan's return to the south was to kill Yang Yi to vent his personal anger, and then replace Zhuge Liang.

"Yuan Yanyi did not surrender to Wei in the north and returned to the south, but he wanted to get rid of the killing instrument and so on. On weekdays, the generals are different, and the time must be brightened. This means so. Inconvenient betrayal. ”

So, is there such evidence?

My answer is:Yes

According to the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Yang Yi", after Wei Yan's death, Yang Yi led the army back to Shu Han, and he thought that he had made great achievements and should be able to succeed Zhuge Liang (Thinking that his meritorious service is great, it is appropriate for him to be bright and honest）。As a result, it was surprising that Jiang Wan became Shang Shuling and Yizhou Assassin, while Yang Yi just became a small Chinese military division, with no real name and no soldier under his command (There is no command, just calm

This really angered Yang Yi, he was indignant and complained to others everywhere (Resentment is in the voice, and the sound of sighing is in the five）。At that time, people were afraid that he would speak disrespectfully, so they turned away from him (At that time, people were afraid of his unscrupulous words, and they did not dare to obey him

Only Fei Yi comforted him. Yang Yi said to Fei Yi again, I knew that this was the case, when the prime minister died, it would be better to raise troops to follow the Wei family, and I would not be so downtrodden (When the former prime minister died, if I raised an army to serve the Wei family, I would rather be so evil）！Although Fei Yi sympathizes with Yang Yi, he can't "know and not report". As a result, Yang Yi was deposed as a commoner and relegated to Hanjia County. Who knew that Yang Yi still did not repent, and wrote several times to slander others. He was finally imprisoned in a prison and finally committed suicide.

Let's think about it, if Wei Yan really rebelled, Yang Yi would definitely have made a great contribution, how could he not be reused?

Again, Yang Yi said".If I raise an army to take Wei's familywords.

Does the Wei family here refer to Cao Wei or Wei Yan?

If it refers to Cao Wei, then it proves that the person who wants to rebel is not Wei Yan, but Yang Yi, which is obviously impossible. First, Yang Yi, as a scholar, is not so bold. Second, Yang Yi was not so stupid and took the initiative to admit her guilt. Therefore, "Cao's" refers to Wei Yan. This uses Yang Yi's own words to prove that Wei Yan did not rebel.

Therefore, there have always been many people who have been aggrieved by Wei Yan. For example, Mr. Chen Yidong:

"Wei Yan, as a general, has fought all his life, and it can be said that he has 'great merit and no major crime', but he has been 'suffered a great crime and been falsely accused', which is already a great wrong, why do you Yang Yi hurry up to kill and destroy his three clans? ”

Yang Yi stills. First, Yang Yi acted completely according to Zhuge Liang's orders, while Wei Yan violated Zhuge Liang's orders. Take this as an example, you can't blame Yang Yi.

Second, it was Wei Yanxian who offended Yang Yi (The road that burned the pavilion was burnedHe also sued the wicked first, saying that Yang Yi was going to rebel. Yang Yi's killing of Wei Yan should be said to be a kind of self-defense. As for the three clans of Yang Yiyi and Wei Yan, it is indeed too much, but that is related to the background of the times in which he lives (Feudal society, monarch**It has a lot to do with it, and Yang Yi can't be blamed entirely.

But if you say that, is it Wei Yan's mistake?

This is not necessarily, because it is also possible that Wei Yan acted according to Zhuge Liang's will.

Wei Yan stills. According to Pei Songzhi's note in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan", before Zhuge Liang died, he designated Wei Yan as a ** person, not Yang Yi (Let Yan Yan act on his own and hold on to mourning）。And Yang Yi had always been at odds with Wei Yan and was afraid that he would kill him, so he threatened that Wei Yan would surrender to Cao Wei and lead his subordinates to attack Wei Yan. Wei Yan was killed on the way to escape.

Isn't it Zhuge Liang's mistake to say that? Because he handed over the ** power to Yang Yi on the one hand, and asked him to lead the army back to Shu Han, regardless of Wei Yan's life or death (If it is delayed or disobeyed, the army will spontaneously take the initiative）；On the other hand, he handed over the ** power to Wei Yan. In the end, Wei Yan and Yang Yi ended up killing each other.

Therefore, people have always formed three or three views on the case of "Wei Yan's rebellion."

First, the statement of "Three Kingdoms" is true, and the statement of "Wei Luo" is not true. And the reason why Zhuge Liang did that was because he expected Wei Yan to be the opposite, so he made arrangements in advance. Luo Guanzhong's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" adopts this statement.

Second, the statement of "Three Kingdoms" is not true, and the statement of "Wei Luo" is true. But when he said this, he wronged Yang Yi.

Third, the claims of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the "Dictionary" are true. But if this is the case, Zhuge Liang has been wronged.

Zhuge Liang is obviously not a sinister villain. Because Yang Yi and Wei Yan turned against each other, it would not do any good to Shu, and it would only cause losses to Shu. And Zhuge Liang We all know that he has been loyal to Shu all his life, made immortal contributions to Shu State, and truly did his best to die.

Wei Yan stills. Yes, that is, the statement of "Three Kingdoms" is true, and the statement of "Wei Luo" is not true. But Zhuge Liang's purpose in doing that was not to anticipate Wei Yan's rebellion, but to have another purpose.

I will give you a detailed analysis below.

Of course, we have to start with the relationship between Wei Yan and Yang Yi first. What is the relationship between Wei Yan and Yang Yi? My answer is:Very bad

According to the record of "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan", Wei Yan was extremely powerful, relying on his own merits, and many people avoided it at that timeBrave and fierce, and high-minded, they were all avoided at that timeYang Yi was the only one who refused to succumb to Wei Yan (Only Yang Yi does not pretend to delay）。So Wei Yan held a grudge against him, and the relationship between the two was like fire and water (It is like fire and water

According to "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Yang Yi", Zhuge Liang not only admired Yang Yi's talent, but also admired Wei Yan's bravery, and regretted that the two of them could not get along in harmony, and couldn't bear to take sides.

Liang deeply cherishes Yi's talent, and with Wei Yan's bravery, he often hates the injustice of the two, and he can't bear to be biased. ”

So, is it possible that the claims of "Wei Luo" are true?

Zhuge Liang stills.

My answer is: no. Because before Zhuge Liang died, he had already realized that it was impossible for Cao Wei to be exterminated in a short time. It was impossible for him to hand over the military and political power to Wei Yan and let him continue the Northern Expedition.

So, why did Zhuge Liang ignore Wei Yan's life and death and order".If it is delayed or disobeyed, the army will spontaneously take the initiativeWhat about the command?

This is easy to understand. Because Zhuge Liang knew Wei Yan's personality very well, he knew that Wei Yan could never be a thief. Therefore, after his death, Wei Yan would not agree to withdraw from the army. And in order to retain Shu Han's vital strength, he could only give such an order. But Zhuge Liang did not give the order to say that Wei Yan would kill him if he did not obey his orders.

The situation of Wei Yan and Yang Yi meeting each other is the last thing Zhuge Liang wants to see.

Actually, Zhuge Liang has good intentions. He wanted to keep Shu Han and didn't want to kill Wei Yan, but let him "fend for himself" so that he could do it for himself (If it is delayed or disobeyed, the army will spontaneously take the initiative

Conclusion[I personally believe that the case of "Wei Yan's rebellion" has been debated for thousands of years, and there should be a historical conclusion. That is, Wei Yan did not rebel, he was wronged! 】

References:"Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Wei Yan", "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Yang Yi", Yi Zhongtian's "Three Kingdoms".