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Judaism faced a strong influence from Greek culture, which led to divisions within Judaism.
On the one hand, some Jews actively embraced Greek culture, believing it superior and fused Judaism with Greek culture, forming a Hellenistic Jewish faction.
Some Jews, on the other hand, adhered to the traditions of Judaism and opposed the invasion of Greek culture, forming conservative factions.
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This Hellenistic sect of Judaism had a great influence on both the political and religious life of Judaism.
The political and religious characteristics of the Jews in the Roman period were mainly expressed in rebellion against Roman rule and adherence to Jewish teachings. Under Roman rule, the Jews were restricted and oppressed.
However, the Jews did not abandon their faith and culture, but protected their survival and development through resistance and struggle.
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The Jews organized resistance politically, such as the Maccabeetan rebellion, to preserve their national dignity and status. Religiously, Jews adhered to traditional teachings and maintained a distinct Jewish faith and culture.
Judaism is a monotheistic religion that holds that God is the only God with the supreme power to create and rule over all things in heaven and earth.
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The religious life of Judaism is very strict, including festivals, rituals, rituals, food and drink, etc.
Judaism emphasizes faith and ethics, encouraging people to respect God and others, keep commandments, and make good choices and decisions.
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1. Understanding the Hellenistic and Roman periods from ancient Jewish coins.
Ancient Jewish coins are a key source for understanding the political and socio-economic life of the Jews at the time. These coins reflect information about the economic situation, political attitudes, religious beliefs, and cultural heritage of Jews at different times.
For example, early Jewish coins often featured Jewish and Greek inscriptions, reflecting the fact that Jews had embraced the influence of Hellenistic culture at the time.
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During the Roman period, Jewish coins were printed with Jewish symbols and words, reflecting the Jews' adherence to and preservation of their religious traditions.
By studying ancient Jewish coins, we can gain a deeper understanding of Jewish history and culture during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
There are two main types of ancient Jewish coins:
A coin with a Hebrew inscription or a bilingual inscription in Hebrew and Greek; One is a coin with only a Greek inscription.
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The linguistic use of these coins reflects the cultural and economic changes that have taken place throughout Jewish history.
In the early days, the main language spoken by the Jews was Hebrew, so their coins also used Hebrew inscriptions or bilingual inscriptions in Hebrew and Greek.
However, with the conquest of Alexander the Great, Greek became the main lingua franca, so later Jewish coins used only Greek inscriptions.
This reflects the political and cultural vicissitudes and evolution of the Jews.
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And after the death of Alexander the Great, many cities and countries began to issue commemorative coins in his image.
These coins usually feature the head of Alexander on the front and various mythological and historical tales on the back.
These coins were very popular at the time, and were widely used and collected.
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In addition to the Greek city-states and the Macedonian kingdom, India also saw the popularity of Alexandria coins. This reflects Alexander the Great's international influence and popularity at the time.
The Jews, on the other hand, coined relatively late, did not issue their own coins until the Hasmonean dynasty (140 BC to 37 BC).
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Prior to this, most of the currencies used in the region of Israel came from countries such as ancient Greece, Persia and Egypt.
Jewish coins from the Hasmonean period often used ancient Greek coinage techniques and standards, and were inscribed with Jewish and Greek words and motifs, reflecting the extent to which Jews exchanged with Greek culture and Greek currency at the time.
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II. The Political and Religious Character of the Jews in the Hellenistic Period.
During the Hellenistic period, both the political and religious identity of the Jews were influenced by Greek culture and Roman rule.
On the political front, from the end of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the 1st century AD, the Jews gained a degree of independence and autonomy under the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty.
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However, in 63 BC the Roman Empire conquered the Kingdom of Judea and became the ruler of the Jews until Jerusalem was destroyed by the Roman army in 70 AD.
This political loss led the Jews to look for a more spiritual connection, which led to the theocratic tendencies of Judaism.
In terms of religion, during the Hellenistic period, Judaism was also influenced by Hellenistic culture, forming a Hellenistic sect of Judaism.
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This sect advocated adaptation to Hellenistic society, blending the teachings and culture of Judaism with Hellenistic culture, and absorbing the ideas of Greek philosophy and science.
The other faction emphasized the tradition of Judaism and opposed Hellenism, arguing that it would undermine the uniqueness and legitimacy of Judaism. The rivalry between these two factions formed the ** within Judaism.
In general, the political and religious characteristics of the Jews during the Hellenistic period were a mixture of Greek culture and the influence of Roman rule, and under these influences, political and religious divisions within the Jews emerged.
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3. The political and religious character of the Jews in the Roman period.
The theocratic tendencies of the Jews were even more pronounced. With the fall of Rome, the Jews lost their political independence and began to seek a more spiritual connection.
The characteristics of the theocratic system of Judaism began to emerge, and the high priest became the political leader and held the political and religious power of the state.
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Jewish religious conservatism strengthened. Rome's policy of religious freedom gave Jews some room for religious freedom, but this did not mean that they fully embraced the influence of Roman culture.
On the contrary, Jews placed more emphasis on the values of traditional religion and opposed the influence of foreign cultures. For example, the rules on forbidden foods were stricter, and the traditional nature of Jewish teachings was reinforced.
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Jews opposed the influence of the Roman Empire and Hellenistic culture. The ancient Jews strongly opposed the Greek culture of the Cult of the Gods, and clinged to their uniqueness and traditions, unwilling to be influenced by foreign cultures.
Their rebellion and resistance to the Roman Empire also showed their reluctance to accept the forms and values of Roman culture.
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In general, during the Roman period, Jews were characterized by being conservative and opposed to foreign cultures in terms of politics and religion.
A unique theocratic system of Judaism was gradually formed, which had an important impact on the Jews in the later course of history.
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4. What the political and religious characteristics of Hellenism and Rome brought to the Jews.
The Hellenistic period (4th century BC to 1st century BC) was the period when ancient Greek culture spread throughout the world through expansion and diffusion, including in the Jewish region.
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The political-religious characteristics of this period also had a number of influences on the Jews, including the following:
Cultural change: During the Hellenistic period, Jews began to be exposed to new cultures and ideas, many of which were influenced by Hellenistic culture.
Many Jews embraced these new ideas and began to assimilate into the Hellenistic culture. This has produced a number of important cultural outcomes, including the emergence of Jewish philosophical, literary, and historians.
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Religious influence: With the influence of Hellenism, many Jews began to combine Judaism and Greek philosophy. This led to the emergence of many new religious ideas, including Heliniism, the mysticism of Judaism, and ** religion, among others.
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Politics: During the Hellenistic period, there were anti-Hellenistic uprisings, which led to the political weakening of the Jews, further weakening the influence of the Jews in politics.
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In conclusion, the political-religious character of the Hellenistic period had a profound impact on the Jews, and their culture, religion, and political thought changed greatly.
Although Hellenism had a certain impact on the Jews, the Jews still adhered to their faith and culture, which led to some preservation and adherence to traditional culture.
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The Roman period (63 BC to 70 AD) was one of the most important and complex periods in Jewish history, and the political and cultural influence of Rome on the Jews during this period was very far-reaching, mainly as follows:
Political control: The Roman Empire brought the Jewish region under its rule, and the Jews gradually lost their independent and autonomous status. The influence of Roman politics and administration made the political power of the Jews relatively weak.
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Religious Change: During the Roman period, some new religious forms appeared, such as ** religion and the Pharisees branch of Judaism, etc., which were mainly based on the Old Testament, but were also influenced by Greek philosophy and Roman religion.
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Cultural exchange: The Roman Empire's rule over the Jews also brought opportunities for cultural exchange and blending. Jews began to learn Greek and Roman thought and culture, creating new opportunities for the development and innovation of Jewish culture.
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Social dysfunction: During the Roman period, a number of social, political, and religious instability emerged, which led to more serious conflicts and divisions within the Jewish community, and the contradictions with the Roman Empire also exacerbated the Jewish community.
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The political-religious characteristics of the Roman period had a tremendous and profound impact on the Jews.
During this period, Jews faced political and military oppression from the Roman Empire, while at the same time showing a distinct manifestation of emerging ideas and tendencies towards culture and religion.
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All in all, the political-religious character of the Hellenistic and Roman periods brought challenging times to the Jews.
It prompted a section of the Jews to embrace change, but it also led to the political weakening of the Jews.
Religious freedom during the Roman period gave Jews some freedom, but they were still restricted and oppressed.
This period had a profound impact on Jewish history and remains an important period for the study of Jewish culture and history.
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