The world is bustling, all for profit; The world is crowded, all for profit. For the whole society and the individual, from the macro and micro levels, the main line is the ability to obtain resources, which must be considered from the time before man was a primitive man. In an economy and society, resources are equated with money. When looking at social problems, we should take the flow and conversion of money as the perspective of looking at problems, so that it is easier to see the essence and many problems can be clarified.
People usually summarize the stages of social development, as if the world is a piece of **. The actual society is constantly evolving, it is continuous**, and our lives are composed of frames and frames. Economic development is a part of social development, and economic activities are also an important part of the implementation of social activities, and of course they are also subject to the influence of different stages of social development, such as political policies, technology, and external shocks. However, from the pre-Qin history, the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the modern period, although the economic development of Chinese society has different characteristics in each dynasty, the industrial revolution has been used as the starting point to accelerate the evolution of the economy. From the perspective of the entire stage of social development, the development of human society has changed from being difficult to wrap up, to having a surplus, and then carrying out exchange transactions to form the basis of commerce, and in industrial large-scale production, people participate in the process of large-scale social production as a factor of production, that is, the factor of large-scale social production, and wages are also part of the cost of large-scale social production, and it is the terminal of the final large-scale social production and consumption. to the credit economy, entity + finance. and then to the development of the Internet economy, which reshapes the traditional factors of production. In this process, there are twists and turns, some retreats, and some reversals, but the evolution of economic development is indeed the wheel of history rolling forward.
Therefore, we analyze the financial laws of countries, societies, enterprises (businesses) and households (individuals) at different stages from the perspective of modern financial statements according to the minimum demand economy, industrial economy, credit economy and Internet economy.
Shells - Metallic Copper Currency - **Gold and Silver - Paper Money Coexists with *** - Paper Money (General Equivalent Items) - Paper Money (General Equivalent Credit) - Digital Currency.
The essence of the economy is the unhindered circulation of products, and finding and promoting exchange between supply and demand is its most fundamental appearance. If you have 5 eggs in your hand and you want to change one for a piece of wood, before the Xia Dynasty you can only find a person with wood, and you can only get it if he needs 5 eggs. In the Xia Dynasty of China, if you have 5 eggs in your hand, you can exchange them for 5 shells, and then find a person who doesn't need 5 eggs to have wood to exchange, so the product circulation has a medium, and he breaks the problem of willingness in the exchange process, because he uses 5 shells to realize the will to achieve this value. It is usually said that money is a general equivalent, that is, money = an item, so the very starting point of money is to anchor an item.
As human settlements increase and the population in a certain area increases, the diversification of demand and supply increase exponentially. The supply of shells is scarce, and there is a lot of wood, stone, food, etc. in the market, but there are really few shells in a certain area, so it is difficult to assume the function of a trading intermediary. For example, if there are 100 sheep in the market, there are 2 benches, and there are 50 shells, if one shell = 2 sheep, then exchange 1 shell for a bench, and it is obvious that the exchange cannot be completed. If there are 50,000 shells, 50 shells for a bench. Which is more conducive to exchange than these two cases? The answer is obvious.
As a result, the shortage of natural money led to the emergence of artificial money. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, there was already a human coinage. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were an era of hegemony and power, characterized by the division of princes. Circulate their own currency in their respective territories. The ant-nose money in the Chu region, the cloth coins in the Yellow River Valley, the knife coins in the Qiyan region, and the ring coins in the Sanjin and Zhou regions. One of the characteristics of these currencies is that copper coinage, at that time, copper resources were also scarce resources, so the limitation of this natural resource also avoided inflation caused by the over-issuance of currency to a certain extent.
With the unification of the six countries by Qin Shi Huang, the original geographical restrictions were broken in the vast territory, and the currency flowed through was abolished, and the five-baht coin was used uniformly. This would facilitate the free exchange of goods within a unified territory.
Until the Northern Song Dynasty, before the appearance of paper money Jiaozi. Although there have been evolutions in the past dynasties, the general direction is certain, from local coinage to ** coinage, as an important part of national finance. However, the expansion of human desires has never stopped for thousands of years, and the resources of copper are limited, so mixing other metals with copper can mint more copper coins, so in a certain period, the copper content of copper coins usually reflects the financial situation of the current dynasty. This is the over-issuance of money, which is the depreciation of credit.
The earliest paper money in China during the Song Dynasty was Jiaozi, and it was also the earliest paper money used in the world. The emergence of "Jiaozi" is an important evolution from metal money to paper money in the history of ancient currency.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the maturity of silver mining technology, the use of ** was more common, not only as a medium of exchange and a means of circulation, but also more began to use silver to mark the value. The amount of silver was cast into a certain standard of silver ingots, and from the Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, silver ingots called themselves "ingots", which was the beginning of calling silver ingots "ingots" in China. The Ming and Qing dynasties also used ** as legal tender. After the Qing Dynasty and the Jiaqian Dynasty, the European monetary and financial system entered China until 1914, when the Beiyang Dynasty introduced the National Currency Regulations, which determined that the silver dollar was the Chinese currency.
Later, for a long time, most of the paper money issued by various countries was also anchored by ***. In other words, they are just stand-ins for **, but it is more convenient and convenient to carry and exchange. In the long history of human development, like scientific discoveries, technological innovations, and artistic creations, paper money is undoubtedly a new invention, and they are both the products of human imagination. With the support of state authority, paper money is an amazing innovation that reshapes the way the economy is run. Especially when paper money became a generally accepted "intermediary" in society, a basic way for everyone to pay bills, buy goods, and get paid for their work. Although its all-pervasive and omnipotent magic still needs to be supported by commodities, a printed piece of paper can have the right to claim commodities, but it stems from people's trust in the country. In other words, it is the credit of the first class that guarantees the right to exchange banknotes and commodities. This lays the foundation for the potential ability to intervene in the economy.
In 1974, the Bretton Woods system broke down, and paper money was transformed from a general equivalent to a general equivalent credit. This credit anchors the core of industrial production of oil, and the settlement method is that the world's oil** must be settled in US dollars.
Why oil can be used as a dollar anchor.
Paper money and general credit equivalent, in fact, the existence of paper money itself is an anti-counterfeiting symbol, the number in the bank card, the balance in Alipay WeChat and even the number of digital currency, as long as the anti-counterfeiting is done well, then the number is the general credit equivalent.
Qin Dynasty: The Qin Dynasty unified the monetary system, and the state minted currency uniformly to ensure that the shape, size, and value of the currency were consistent. Qin Shi Huang's monetary system reform includes:1Uniform currency and conversion rates. It is stipulated that ** is the upper currency, with eridium as the unit, and each eridium weighs twenty-four taels. With the copper half two coins as the next coin, 10,000 copper coins are converted into one Eridium**. It is also stipulated that pearls, jade, turtles, shells, silver, tin, etc., shall not be circulated as currency as ornaments and treasures. 2.Unified currency minting. It is stipulated that the right to mint currency belongs to the state, and private individuals are not allowed to mint money, and violators are convicted and severely punished. Local coinage must be minted according to the standard design stipulated by the state, and the name of the minting place must be printed.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated an edict to levy asset tax on merchants and craftsmen, and stipulated that households should report their property and pay taxes according to the truth, and if the report was false or concealed, they would be fined for one year and their property confiscated. Through the above measures, the feudal state increased its revenue by huge amounts. The concentration of finances is conducive to the reunification and consolidation of the country.
Due to the differences in economic development and natural environment and resources, the distribution of cities across the country is uneven. The city was mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and later developed into the Yangtze River basin, opening up ten major economic regions with thriving commerce. The resources developed in each region have their own characteristics, and there is a situation in which agriculture, handicrafts, and animal husbandry are developed simultaneously.