Recently, because Henan post-00 college students dressed up as Jinyiwei to welcome everyone back to their hometown at Luoyang High-speed Railway Station, they were criticized as "uneducated", which caused a heated discussion. So, in history, what exactly did Jinyiwei look like?
Jinyiwei is a kind of military institution set up in the Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, there was no Jinyi Guard. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, abolished the Yiluan Division and the Pro-Army Governor's Office, which was in charge of the emperor's honor guard and guards, and replaced it with a new institution called Jinyiwei.
Many years later, the brocade clothes that have changed the color of countless people have appeared.
There are three responsibilities for the establishment of Jinyiwei. The first is to be responsible for the guards of the palace and the honor guard when the emperor goes on patrol, the second is to inspect and arrest illegal subjects, and the third is to undertake the edict.
Stills from Jinyiwei.
The first duty is the old business of Jinyiwei. In particular, every time the emperor went out to inspect, he would select majestic and courageous people from the brocade guards to hold honor guards such as halo books, umbrella covers, golden drums, and flags to reflect the majesty and momentum of the royal family.
The second and third duties were newly conferred, which made the Jinyi Guard's power far greater than that of the previous Yiluan Division and the Pro-Army Governor's Mansion.
Obviously, for the emperor, the Jinyi guard was a very convenient mechanism for his own use. Through Jin Yiwei, he can detect, censor, and even put in prison the ministers he is dissatisfied with anytime and anywhere. During the period, there is no need to go through any judicial institutions, and there is no need to go through judicial procedures, which is more satisfactory than Sun Wukong's wishful golden hoop stick.
After the establishment of Jinyiwei, it quickly came in handy.
In the early Ming Dynasty, in the four famous Hu Weiyong cases, Lanyu cases, Guo Heng cases, and empty seal cases, Jinyiwei played a great role.
Mao Xiang was the first commander of Jinyiwei. After the Hu Weiyong case broke out, under the instruction of Zhu Yuanzhang, he looked for ministers involved with Hu Weiyong in the imperial court, fabricated their charges, and framed them. Among them, even Li Shanchang, the prime minister who was the founding father of the Ming Dynasty and the prince of Korea, had the imperial gift of "Danshu Iron Coupons" to protect his body, and the head of the official residence was implicated, and ended up with a bleak ending of more than 70 people in the family. In addition, there are Ji'an Hou Lu Zhongheng, Yan'an Hou Tang Shengzong, Pingliang Hou Feiju, Nanxiong Hou Zhao Yong, Xingyang Hou Zheng Yuchun, Yichun Hou Huang Bin, Henan Hou Luju and others, who were also implicated by Hu Weiyong and their families were ruined.
In just five years, among the heroes who made contributions to the founding of the country, a total of one duke and twenty marquis were involved in the Hu Weiyong case, and tens of thousands of ministers were convicted, convicted, blackmailed, and exiled. The civil servants who fought with Zhu Yuanzhang were almost swept away.
Zhu Yuanzhang. Because of the great anger caused by the people, Zhu Yuanzhang killed Mao Xiang in order to calm the anger of the public. Mao Xiang was loyal to Zhu Yuanzhang, but in the end he became a scapegoat, losing his life, not to mention, and he was discredited and notorious.
After Mao Xiang's death, the second commander of the Jinyi Guard was called Jiang Xuan. In February of the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), Jiang Zhen sued Lan Yu for rebellion, forming the Lan Yu case.
Lan Yu is the brother-in-law of Kaiping King Chang Yuchun and the founding general of the Ming Dynasty. He followed Zhu Yuanzhang to make a lot of military achievements, worshiped the general, and was knighted as the Duke of Liangguo. However, under Jiang Zheng's complaint, Lan Yu had no resistance at all, and was arrested and imprisoned for Zhu Yuanzhang's conspiracy against him, was stripped of skin and grass, raided his home and exterminated the three clans, and was led by vines, from Gonghou Bo to Wenwu **, about 15,000 people were killed. The generals who fought with Zhu Yuanzhang were almost wiped out.
Jiang Xuan, like Mao Xiang, did not end well. Soon, he was also killed by Zhu Yuanzhang.
Zhu Yuanzhang used Jinyiwei as a tool to fight against dissidents, which was quite handy, but he also noticed its huge lethality. After the Lan Yu case, he gradually came up with the idea of canceling Jinyiwei. In his later years, he ordered the abolition of Jinyiwei, and the power in the hands of Jinyiwei was withdrawn to the Criminal Department, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the Dali Temple, and the prison managed by Jinyiwei was also transferred to the Criminal Department.
After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, the king of Yan, captured Nanjing through the "Battle of Jingyan", and the whereabouts of Zhu Yunwen of Ming Huizong were unknown, and Zhu Di ascended the throne as the emperor and became the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Di. Zhu Di's position as the emperor is not very authentic, giving people the feeling of "the name is not right", and there are many people inside and outside the court who are not convinced, which makes Zhu Di feel uneasy on his back. In order to stabilize the emperor's throne and clean up those disobedient ministers, he racked his brains and finally sacrificed the magic weapon that was lost by his father Zhu Yuanzhang - Jinyiwei.
As a result, Jinyiwei was restored, and his authority was expanded. For example, Zhu Di added a department called Beizhen Fusi (different from the original Nanzhen Fusi) under Jinyiwei, which specialized in handling cases approved by the emperor, and had an edict, which could arrest, interrogate, execute, and execute prisoners on their own without going through ordinary judicial institutions. This means that the power in the hands of Jinyiwei has overridden the three legal divisions of the Criminal Department, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the Dali Temple.
After that, Jinyiwei existed until the fall of the Ming Dynasty.
The organization of Jinyiwei is very large.
According to the establishment regulations, Jinyiwei has one commander, two commanders, three commanders, two pacification envoys, 14 14 1,000 households, and a number of deputy 1,000 households, 100 households, 100 trial households, general flags, and small flags. This is an officer. There were also numerous escorts under the officers.
According to records, at the beginning of the establishment of Jinyiwei, the total number of officers and soldiers was more than 1,000. When Zhu Yuanzhang was handling the Hu Weiyong case and the Lan Yu case, in view of the lack of manpower, he added thousands of people. After Zhu Di restored the Jinyiwei, he greatly increased the number of Jinyiwei, making the total number of Jinyiwei more than 10,000. After Zhu Di, in addition to the activities in the capital, the Jinyi Guards were distributed to the localities, and the number increased rapidly, and the total number of people in the country exceeded 100,000 at the peak, which was simply a considerable number of regular troops.
Stills from Jinyiwei.
The level of Jinyiwei ** is relatively high.
The supreme commander of the Jinyi Guard is the commander, and the rank is Zheng Sanpin. What is this concept?
The ** grade of the Ming Dynasty was divided into nine grades, from high to low, they were first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and nineth. Of these nine grades, the first grade is the highest grade and the ninth grade is the lowest. The first product is mainly the Taishi, Taifu, Taibao and the young master, the young master, the young master, the young Bao, as well as the prince and the prince, the prince and the prince, the prince and the prince, the original prime minister of the first product and the Pingzhang political affairs from the first product were also abolished by Zhu Yuanzhang, so the third product is actually equivalent to the second product, and there are very few actual positions that can surpass the third product in the imperial court, only the five military governors' mansions, the six Shangshu, and the commanders of the guards around the country exceed the rank of the Jinyi Wei commander. This makes the Jinyi Guard Commander have a very high status in the imperial court, and he belongs to the role of walking sideways.
In addition, the rank of the deputy commander of Jinyiwei is from the third rank, the level of the commander is the fourth rank, and the level of the pacification envoy is the fifth rank.
Jinyiwei's high status is not only because of the high grade, but mainly because they are the emperor's cronies and confidants, and they have won the emperor's trust and respect. As mentioned earlier, they are above the judiciary and can arrest, interrogate, and dispose of anyone at will—anyone here, including the emperor's relatives, the three princes and the nine secretaries, civil and military officials, wealthy businessmen, and of course ordinary people. To put it bluntly, inside and outside the imperial court, they were able to clean up everyone except the emperor.
They were not restricted by the etiquette system, and they could enter and leave the palace at will and meet the emperor in person. They are not limited by geography and can carry out missions throughout the country. The mountain is high and the emperor is far away? For them, non-existent. Their minions are all over the country. When you whisper to your friends in the dead of night about government affairs, there may be a Jinyi guard next door who is listening intently.
Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, people were always afraid of Jinyi Wei like a tiger.
In 2014, the movie "Embroidered Spring Knife" directed by Lu Yang and starring Zhang Zhen, Wang Qianyuan and others, as well as the later "Embroidered Spring Knife: Shura Battlefield", tells the wonderful story of the three brothers of Jinyiwei Shen Lian, Lu Jianxing and Jin Yichuan sharing weal and woe, which makes people have a good impression of Jinyiwei. The reason why Henan post-00s college students dress up as brocade guards may be related to this (or it may mean "brocade night walk"). However, today's young people don't know that in the film and television dramas with the Ming Dynasty as the background before "Embroidered Spring Knife", Jin Yiwei almost always appeared in front of the world as a villain.
This is not a prejudice against Jinyiwei, but because Jinyiwei's reputation is really bad - to put it mildly, it can be described as infamous.
Ouyang Yijing, a famous official in the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty, when he was in charge of the military department, Li Long, the governor who was once in charge of the Jinyi Guard, criticized the Jinyi Guard for "arresting the officer, and its momentum is easy to succeed", and then "with the momentum of success, the merit that must be obtained, and the vain of others and self-interest", and even "there are thieves who are spared, so they order more civilians to be charged; There are those who steal stolen goods and take the market as a witness; Those who have latent books, coerce false criticism, and use the law of false words and false seals to frame each other; or a similar name, hazy; The father sues the son for filial piety, and sits on disobedience", in short, "the poison can be known".
Let's take a few examples of the commanders of the brocade guards.
During the period of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, there was a Jinyi guard commander named Ji Gang. Ji Gang is cruel and ruthless, and he is scheming. He once did something very immoral. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), the scholar Xie Jin offended the Han king Zhu Gaoxu and was imprisoned on death row. A few years later, Zhu Di had almost forgotten about it, but after Ji Gang was bribed by Zhu Gaoxu, he deliberately reported the list of prisoners to Zhu Di. Zhu Di asked curiously: "Is Xie Jin still in the world?" When Ji Gang received the order, he dragged Xie Jin to the snow and froze to death after getting drunk.
Xie Jin. During the Ming Yingzong period, there was a Jinyi guard commander named Ma Shun. Ma Shun is a close confidant of the great eunuch Wang Zhen, and helped Wang Zhen frame many outspoken **. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), at the instigation of Wang Zhen, Ming Yingzong personally drove to conquer Wara, but unexpectedly the whole army was wiped out in Tumubao, and Ming Yingzong himself became a prisoner of Wara. After the news reached the capital, the ministers were furious and demanded that Zhu Qiyu, the king of the prison state, kill Wang Zhen Manchu. At this time, Ma Shun played a prestige without knowing the times and asked the ministers to get out of here. The ministers were furious, and they rose up in groups and beat Ma Shun to death in the court.
As the saying goes: "The upper beam is not right, and the lower beam is crooked." "Under the demonstration and drive of the commander, the officers and soldiers of the Jinyi Guard did all kinds of bad things and did all kinds of evil.
Of course, in the huge team of Jinyiwei, not all of them are treacherous people who do all kinds of evil, there are always a few kind people, like "a clear stream in the mudslide". For example, the commander of the Xianzong Dynasty, the commander of the Hongzhi Dynasty, Mu Bin, the commander of the Wanli Dynasty, Liu Shouyou and Luo Sigong, etc., are kind and kind, and have a good reputation. But their kindness is not enough to affect people's bad impression of the Jinyiwei group.