One day in August 571 B.C., on the shore of the river on the north bank of Yongcheng, the capital of the Qin state, a grand safari was being held.
Qin Jinggong Qin Jinggong, the monarch of Qin State, and his ministers hunted and hunted in the wilderness, and the atmosphere was cheerful and warm.
It was a prosperous era, and it had been 105 years since the Qin State established its capital here. For nearly 200 years after that, this Yongcheng city has been the center of the Qin state and is the longest lasting capital of the Qin state.
It bears witness to the unforgettable years of the Qin people, and the past and present lives of a great empire.
Episode 4 Drinking the Yellow River.
Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb
This is an underground world that belongs to the deceased. In Nanxiang Village, Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, such a large tomb that shocked the world was discovered 40 years ago.
The entire tomb is divided into three tiers of terraces, 24 metres deep, and more than eight storeys high. The east and west tomb roads are 300 meters long, and the plane structure is like a "middle" shape, with a total area of 5,334 square meters, which exceeds the size of two international standard basketball courts.
This tomb is 10 times larger than the Shang Dynasty Tomb in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan, and 20 times larger than the No. 1 Tomb of Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan. A mausoleum of such a large scale is by no means possessed by ordinary nobles.
After restoration, people were able to witness the final resting place of the tomb owner. The tomb is divided into two rooms on the main side, and the main coffin room is like a rectangular wooden house, which is made of cypress foliage with a cross-section of 21 centimeters.
Each cypress weighs 300 kilograms, and is called yellow intestine because of its yellow color. The tenon of the piled cypress fang forms a frame-type specification around the coffin, and this kind of burial tool is called "yellow intestine inscription" in history.
Baoji Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum
This is the main coffin restored by the Baoji Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum next to the tomb in a one-to-one ratio, and the main coffin with a length of about 24 meters and a width of about 6 meters is the place where the remains of the tomb owner are placed.
The yellow intestine inscription with cypress wood as the coffin is a burial tool with the specifications of the Son of Heaven in the pre-Qin ritual system. In Fengxiang, Shaanxi, far away from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a tomb equivalent to the size of the Son of Heaven appeared, which aroused great interest among scholars.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, "etiquette collapsed and happiness was broken", and it became more and more common for various vassal states to transgress the etiquette system. Scholars have judged that the owner of this tomb was a prince who dominated one side at that time. In the middle of the top of the coffin, a pair of stone soles remained, but the uppers had long since decayed.
Tian Yaqi, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Researcher:
These shoes indicate that the owner of the tomb is sitting on one side, which is a symbol of power, and it is likely that it was given by Zhou Tianzi. There is also a possibility that Qin's own ancestors left a token of spiritual encouragement to the tomb owner, so that their descendants could drink the Yellow River and develop eastward to realize the dream of unifying the six countries.
When people enter the coffin, they are greeted by a scene that has been reconstructed by experts. This layout should be the style of the tomb owner's former residence "front facing back". More than 2,500 years ago, the owner of the tomb sat in front of such a bookcase, dealing with simple official documents.
Baoji Bronze Museum Golden Tiger
Although the tomb was seriously excavated, more than 3,000 pieces of extremely exquisite gold, jade, iron, stone and bone tools were still unearthed, which made people amazed by the high level of craftsmanship and rich material and cultural life at that time.
Baoji Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum
On a wooden shelf directly west of the Frontrooms, a set of stone chimes hangs. There are more than 180 characters on the stone chime, which is the script used by the early Qin people.
The discovery of the stone chime inscription made the archaeological team members happy. The inscription "Son of Heaven is happy, Gong Huan is the heir" provides a basis for the archaeological team members to infer the owner of the tomb.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
The 36 words on the stone chime can be recited as a whole, and its content is roughly as follows: Tang Tang Que Shang, Bai Le Xian Song, Yun Le Zi Huang, False Tiger Loading, and Ji Zaiyi, Son of Heaven Yun Xi, Gong Huan is the heir, Gao Yang and Ling, Quartet Yi Yuan. What does it mean? That is to say, Gong Huan is the heir, and the heir of Gong Gong and Duke Huan is Qin Jinggong. From this sentence, it can be concluded that the owner of this tomb is Jing Gong.
Tian Yaqi, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Researcher:
So far, the academic community has basically formed a consensus, that is, the text on the stone chime, the Son of Heaven Yunxi, Gong Huan is the heir, Gao Yang and Ling, the Quartet is the Emperor, Gong refers to Qin Gong Gong, and Huan is Qin Huan Gong. Therefore, we believe that the owner of this tomb is Qin Jinggong, who enjoyed the country for 40 years after Qin Gong Gong and Qin Huan in the Spring and Autumn Period. In addition, the inscription on the remnants of this tomb has that only in August of the fourth year, the first Ji Jiashen, according to this calculation, it can also be proved that this tomb is the tomb of Qin Jinggong.
Qin Jinggong Qin Jinggong, the 14th ruler of the Qin state, reigned for 40 years from 577 BC. Jing Cemetery was later known as the No. 1 Tomb of Qin Gong.
At this point, the history of the largest ancient tomb excavated in China has finally been revealed, and it has also opened the code of a city that has disappeared for more than 2,000 years. Yongcheng, a legendary capital city that records the dreams of the Qin people, also appeared in front of the world.
Yongcheng city wall ruins in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province
According to the drilling data, the Yongcheng city wall is located in the south of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, north of the Yongshui River, west of the Zhifang River on the loess plateau, 3,300 meters long from east to west, 3,200 meters wide from north to south, with an area of about 10 square kilometers.
With the passage of time, most of the rivers around Fengxiang today have dried up, but archaeologists have found a large number of giant pebbles with a diameter of more than 1 meter in the existing river sections, which shows the abundance of river water and the depth and breadth of the river more than 2,000 years ago.
The river became the main fortification facility for defending the enemy outside the city with water. The Qin people also dug trenches along the river, which is exactly what the literature describes as "the entrenchment of the river".
Gansu Province Lixian Dabaozi Mountain Site
Tian Yaqi, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Researcher:
In ancient times, when choosing a capital, the environment was a prerequisite. Judging from the site selection of Inuqiu City in Shanxi Province, Dabaozi Mountain, Lixian County, Gansu Province, the early base of the Qin people, they often relied on the steep natural terrain to strengthen the defense, so that it was easy to defend and difficult to attack. The Qin people often have the concept of "if you go out, you will be invincible to foreign patients, and the country will perish", so when we investigated, we found that the military defense function should be the key to the Qin state's choice of capital.
Yongcheng has an important strategic position in the Guanzhong region, from here along the Weishui in the east to the Fenghao area of the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the south to control the land of Bashu, to the west to guard the throat to the northwest, can be described as an excellent place to achieve hegemony.
Yongcheng city wall ruins in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province
Archaeologists have successively discovered large palace ruins in the eastern, central and western parts of Yongcheng. The ruins of this palace, which served as a place for the monarch to ascend to court and rest, are 186 meters long.
From south to north, there are five courtyards, namely the five-fold curved city, five courtyards, the overall pattern of "sleeping in front of the back", with a total area of more than 20,000 square meters. This kind of five-fold city and five courtyards is a standard that only Zhou Tianzi enjoys.
After entering the Warring States period, with the expansion of the scale of the war, the Qin people built a wall up to 13 meters thick, and Yongcheng was like a golden soup.
Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province
Because of its age, the situation above the ground of Yongcheng Palace depends more on imagination. However, the excavation of these large-scale bronze building components has revealed the true splendor of the Yongcheng Palace.
Yongcheng unearthed the earliest copper building components in China, indicating that the Qin people were at the forefront of the times in construction technology.
A large number of exquisite tiles have also been unearthed in the ruins of Yongcheng Palace. Wadang is a decoration on the eaves, with tiger stripes, phoenix bird patterns, toad patterns, deer snake patterns and so on.
In particular, this tile is dominated by an elk standing tall, and next to it are carved a lying toad, a flying wild goose and a neighing dog.
One day, more than 600 years B.C., a Xirong delegation came to Yongcheng, and Qin Mugong invited them to visit the majestic palace that had just been completed.
The "Historical Records" records a comment by the envoy of Xirong Yu. He said, "If the spirits build it, the spirits and gods will work endlessly; If the common people built it, it would be a bitter thing for the common people.
This pun comment reflects from one side how magnificent Yongcheng is.
To the northwest of the palace site, archaeologists have unearthed a peculiar underground crypt.
Lingyin Ruins The four walls of the cellar are slope-shaped, and there are underground pipelines leading to the Baiqi River. Scholars believe that this is a kind of ice cellar of "Lingyin" recorded in ancient documents in China.
It is recorded in the Book of Poetry, Fengfeng, July, that the people went to the river to dig the ice in the lunar month, and transported the ice to the cellar in the first month. The ancient Chinese mastered the principle of refrigeration very early, and Yongcheng Lingyin provides us with intuitive evidence.
This physical refrigeration principle is basically the same as that of modern cold storage, and it ensures that the Qin royal nobles living in Yongcheng can taste fresh food all year round.
Fengxiang County Museum Phoenix-bird Ring Fumig-shaped Bronze
In the northwest corner of Yongcheng, the handicraft workshop area of the government is also found. Craftsmen burn all kinds of pottery utensils here, forge bronze ** such as ge, spears, axes, and yue, and cast ritual vessels such as Dingdou used in the king's sacrifice.
Tian Yaqi, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Researcher:
In the north of Yongcheng City, we also found a large open-air market. It can be said that Yongcheng already had the prototype of a modern city at that time. Its total area of the inner and outer cities reaches 10It is 56 square kilometers, which is more than one square kilometer larger than Luoyi, the capital of Zhou Tianzi at that time. A large number of workshop ruins and market ruins here show from the side that the handicraft industry and commerce of the Qin State were highly developed.
In the south of Yongcheng City, some small settlements have also been excavated, and there are many semi-crypt-like settlements, which are obviously civilian areas. Civilians are called "national people", and they live along the banks of the Yongshui River.
To the north, the residences of the nobility and the monarch are visible, and they form the streets and palaces of Yongcheng, where all classes of the city live in an orderly manner, and there is no boundary wall between the palace and the outside world.
Scholars lamented that this is a harmonious city that is inclusive of the inside. Yong refers to the harmonious sound of musical instruments or birdsong.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
From 1976 to 1986, during the entire field archaeological excavation, we found that Yongcheng was very defensive externally and very tolerant internally. In some places, palaces and civilian areas are staggered and very close, indicating that the internal relations of the Qin State are relatively simple and harmonious. There is a special phenomenon in Yongcheng, that is, it includes a large area of farmland. In fact, this also reflected the Qin people's sense of preparation for war at that time, ensuring that there was enough food when the city was besieged during wartime.
The leaves are pale, and the white dew is frost. The so-called Iraqi people are on the water side. "The Book of Songs: Pu Jia" records the living conditions of the Qin people at that time, allowing us to see the pursuit of love and the love of life of this nation that grew up in the test of blood and fire.
Yongcheng is not only a grand capital, but also the spiritual home in the minds of the Qin people.
Baoji Shigu Mountain
This is the stone drum unearthed from Baoji Fengxiang, which is engraved with the oldest poem in China, which contains a large number of Qin people hunting, drinking and feasting, and singing. In these mottled words, we can trace the green years of a people living in ancient Yongcheng.
The chariot I hunted was built, my horses were gathered, the chariots were beautifully decorated, the horses were fat and strong, the number of hunters was innumerable, the pennants were flying in the wind, and the galloping birds and beasts were the objects of our hunting.
In the decades after the establishment of Yongcheng, the territory of the Qin State continued to expand, occupying almost the entire Guanzhong Plain to the east, and becoming one of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period. Drinking the Yellow River and going east to the Central Plains was the biggest dream of the Qin people during this period.
Qin Jinggong However, by the time of Qin Jinggong's reign, the pace of Qin's march began to stop.
Duke Jing of Qin ruled the state of Qin for 40 years, making him the longest-reigning monarch of the state in the mid-to-late Spring and Autumn period. According to historical records, he was also regarded as a diligent king, but the achievements of the Qin State in this historical period are lackluster.
Jing Hongwei, Director of the Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum, Associate Researcher:
Qin Jinggong was one of the more accomplished monarchs after Qin Mugong. At that time, it was the powerful Jin state that blocked the Qin people's advance into the rich Central Plains. In order to deal with the Jin State, Qin Jinggong formed an alliance with the State of Chu, and also married his sister to the King of Chu and became an in-law. The Qin-Chu coalition army defeated the Jin and Song states, and the Zheng, Song and other states that were originally attached to the Jin state were attached to the Chu state. In the eighteenth year of the reign of King Jing of Qin, the Qin State defeated the coalition of thirteen large and small states led by the Jin State, which is known in history as the Battle of Delay. However, in general, the national strength of the Qin State at that time was not able to fully compete with the Jin State and was in a weak position.
Baoji Bronze Museum
In 1978, several exquisite bronzes were unearthed in the Taigong Temple District of Chencang District, Baoji.
This is the pluton, the musical instrument of the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which is a form developed from a kind. Generally, the vessel is larger, there is no long handle above, but there is a flat ring or animal-shaped button, the bell mouth is flat, it is suspended, and it is struck with a mallet. The whole shape is gorgeous and elegant, solemn and mysterious.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
From these exquisite bronzes, it is not difficult for us to find that at this time, the Qin State had already admired and imitated the ritual music culture of the Central Plains from the past to absorbing it completely, and even almost caught up. However, the Qin people's learning of things is based on the consideration of the interests of the country's development, and is mainly practical. Qin Mugong found that the ritual music system had begun to collapse in the Central Plains, and the countries east of the Yellow River did not rely on the ritual music system to develop as it should be. And he also found that relying only on Lile, the Qin people could not defeat the strong neighbor nomadic people in the west, the dog Rong, and would never be able to surpass the six countries of Kwantung.
In 537 BC, Qin Jinggong died.
Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb
The No. 1 tomb of Qin Gong excavated in Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, is the place where Qin Jinggong returned to his soul. Around the 24-meter-deep tomb, 186 wooden coffins are neatly arranged.
There is no historical record of the identities of these burial companions, but experts speculate that the burial companions must have been Qin Jinggong's beloved generals and good talents.
The ancients died as if they were alive, and Qin Jinggong brought his closest and most trusted people into the grave together, and buried the progress and glory of the Qin State into the ground.
Jing Hongwei, Director of the Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum, Associate Researcher:
When Qin Jinggong died, he was buried with a large number of living people, which was an extremely barbaric and backward funeral custom. At that time, the Eastern countries had become more and more diluted by the color of human martyrdom, slavery gradually declined, and new production relations began to sprout, but the nobles of the Qin State still showed their status by the number of martyrs. A large number of young and middle-aged laborers were killed, which also affected the development of the country and the progress of civilization.
Yongcheng, as a magnificent royal city, reached the pinnacle of history in the era of Qin Jinggong, just like the scale of his tombs.
However, after the peak, with the passing of Qin Jinggong, the spirit of striving for progress and forging ahead gradually died. The Qin people were intoxicated with the glory of the past, and for more than 190 years, they did nothing.
Nine monarchs after Jing Gong, including Mourning Gong, Hui Gong, and Mourning Gong, succeeded to the throne successively, and the shortest reign was only four years. The monarch and the ministers were out of harmony, there were many palace coups, frequent changes of monarchs, the country's strength was declining, the people's livelihood was urgent, and the morale of the soldiers was lacking.
Due to the slow economic development of the slave system in the Qin state, the national strength was in a state of weakness for a long time, and it lost more than won in the competition with the powerful countries.
In the Battle of Yin and Jin in 389 BC, Wu Qi defeated 500,000 Qin troops with 50,000 Wei troops, making the Qin people, who were known for their martial bravery, a laughing stock in the world.
After 30 years of confrontation between Wei and Qin, the Qin people not only lost Hangu Pass, the barrier to protect their homeland, but also lost more than 500 li of land on the west bank of the Yellow River, and the entire Qin State was compressed to a narrow strip west of Huashan. Under the aggressive offensive of the Wei state, the Qin state was almost destroyed.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
The reason why Wei was strong was because it was the first to change the law. First there was Li Kui, and then there was Wu Qi's reform. Wu Qi later went to the state of Chu to change the law and make Chu strong. Shin Buxi changed the law in South Korea and made South Korea strong. Qi Guo appointed Guan Zhong to change the law. The common denominator of these changes is to break the hereditary lineage of the aristocracy, promote the virtuous and the able, and provide a channel for all social strata to rise. At the same time, the reform is adapted to the economic development system. Therefore, the strength of the six eastern countries has improved rapidly.
Baoji Bronze Museum
When the six eastern countries abolished slavery and granted land, Yongcheng, the capital of Qin, was still the largest slave market in the world at that time, and the old aristocratic forces occupied Yongcheng.
In the early years, the pioneering and enterprising spirit of the Qin people degenerated into arrogance, luxury, obscenity, ignorance and backwardness, and the people were brave and self-fighting. According to historical records, at this time, the Qin State did not even have the qualifications to participate in the Central Plains National Alliance, and was regarded as the country of Rongdi.
Qin Xiaogong In 361 BC, Qin Xiaogong succeeded to the throne in Yongcheng at the age of 21. He was faced with a difficult road to self-improvement that would change the fate of the Qin state, and issued a recruitment order for this purpose.
Shang Ying A horse-drawn carriage flew into the Qin State, and the person who came was Shang Ying, who had never met Huai Cai, but would soon become famous all over the world. At the age of 34, he saw the hope of realizing his ideals from Qin Xiaogong's recruitment order. The majestic palace of the Qin State witnessed this historic meeting.
In 356 B.C., Shang Ying implemented a reform of the law, and the theme of the change was two words - ploughing and warfare.
The Qin State was vast and sparsely populated, and there was a lot of wasteland, so the Shang Dynasty took rewarding land reclamation as the focus of developing agricultural production.
Shang Ying rewarded the male farmer and the female weaver from one household to another, because this self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy based on one household was the economic basis for maintaining the regime.
The Book of Shang Jun: The Reclamation Decree lists 20 measures to encourage land reclamation and support the growth of the smallholder economy. This small-scale peasant economic model of one family has influenced China for more than 2,000 years and has become a traditional model of feudal society.
Jing Hongwei, Director of the Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum, Associate Researcher:
The essence of rewarding land reclamation is to solve the problem of land ownership. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, the well field system has been implemented, and the king and nobles control a large amount of land, using slaves for unpaid labor, and the use of land and production are very low. The Shang Dynasty abolished the aristocratic system of wells and fields, allowing people to exploit wasteland, and to occupy it for private ownership and free trading, and to pay taxes according to the amount of land occupied by individuals, which greatly mobilized the production enthusiasm of the common people.
In 349 B.C., an edict was issued from the state of Qin, which spread all over the world: all those who came to the vassal states were immediately exempted from three generations of conscription and taxes, and did not have to participate in war. The land within the four boundaries of the Qin State was not taxed for ten years.
This was a highly progressive land reform in the feudal era. The land reform of Shang Yang not only opened the door to hope for the Qin people, but also for the invincible people in the world. One can imagine what kind of sigh the people of Li made when they heard the news.
Countless people with their families came to the Qin State with longing and marched towards their own land. They find hope here, and they are more closely linked to the fate of this country.
Shang Ying established twenty knighthoods in the army. As long as the soldiers of the Qin State capture one of the enemy's heads, they can obtain the first rank of knighthood, a field house, and a number of servants.
If a soldier captures two enemy heads on the battlefield, he becomes a prisoner's parent and becomes a free man at once; If his wife was a slave, he could also be converted to a commoner.
The more heads you kill, the higher the title you get, which is the famous military merit knighthood system.
For Chinese who attach importance to family inheritance, military merit can be passed on. If a father dies in battle, his credit can be credited to the son. If one person obtains military merits, the whole family can benefit.
Shang Yang also stipulated that the clans of the monarch could not be included in the books of the clans and could not enjoy the privileges of the clans without military merits.
Those who have merit are glorious, and those who have no merit are rich and have nothing to do. The possession of the land, the number of slaves, and the clothing must be in accordance with the rules of the knighthood, otherwise they will be punished.
In the face of military merit, no one has privileges, and military merit is the only ** for a better life.
For millions of Qin people, going to war was not only for military service for the country, but also the only way to wealth and honor, and to escape poverty and humility. From life to death, they are fighting for their fate.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the only ruling system in the land of China was the world of ritual music, and the so-called ritual music is the embodiment of the difference between people's ranks, and everyone lives in the inherent hierarchy. If it weren't for the very special circumstances, people wouldn't be able to change it for generations. Slaves are always slaves, and nobles are always nobles, which is the so-called Shiqing Shilu. This kind of inequality of origin greatly limits people's enthusiasm and creativity, and the development of human society requires the breaking of this inequality. Shang Ying realized this, and his changes complied with this, so he immediately burst out with great vitality.
In order to smoothly promote the reform of the law and bring the people of Li into the orbit of the country's operation, Shang Ying implemented strict control and set up the law of joint sitting.
That is, on the basis of the household registration of five families as one and ten families as one, a system of mutual supervision, reporting, and joint sitting.
Whoever denounces a traitor will be rewarded as if he had beheaded his enemy, and whoever does not denounce him will be beheaded in half. If a family hides adultery, it is punished in the same way as a person who defects to the enemy. If the other nine families do not report and denounce them, they will be convicted together.
Passenger accommodation must have an official certificate, and the guest house accepts passengers without a certificate for accommodation, and the host is guilty of the same crime as the adulterer.
Jing Hongwei, Director of the Pre-Qin Cemetery Museum, Associate Researcher:
It should be noted that the background and purpose of the Shang Dynasty reform, from the beginning of it, were all to serve foreign wars. Therefore, this is a change of law with a distinct wartime legal nature. Only by understanding this can we understand that it can play a role under specific historical conditions.
Shang Martingale This bronze vessel is a standard measuring vessel made in the eighteenth year of Qin Xiaogong and 344 B.C. when the Shang Dynasty changed the law, with a volume of 20215 ml.
From the inscription, we can understand the value behind this measuring vessel. It was personally supervised by Qin Xiaogong for the purpose of unifying Qin's in-kind taxation, and it also implied the Shang Dynasty's concept of governance, that is, everything was standardized and institutionalized.
In Shang Ying's eyes, the Qin State should become a perfect war machine, but without a unified brain, this machine cannot function rationally, and will even collapse.
Shang Ying said that the way for the sages to govern the country is to unify rewards, punishments, and education, and the state should be managed under one standard.
In 348 B.C., the Qin people of each large and small township were defined by a new term as fellow villagers, which is the county system.
In this year, there were 41 counties in the whole territory of Qin, and the head was appointed by ** and directly under the monarch. The general implementation of the county system was to concentrate the national power and military power in the imperial court, so as to consolidate the rule and develop the small peasant economy.
Wang Baoping, Vice President of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection:
Until now, we can still see the shadow left by the Shang Yang reform in our lives. The county system is still used today, and the hukou of each citizen is the household registration system implemented by Shang Ying at that time. After the Qin State changed the law, it established the most advanced political system and social management model at that time.
This was the most radical institutional change in China's pre-Qin era. An old era dominated by slavery has passed, and a new prototype of the feudal era of ** centralization began to take shape in the hands of Shang Ying.
This was the first time in the world, and it laid an indelible mark on the rule of successive feudal dynasties.
Under the leadership of Shang Ying, the Qin State entered an era of classical rule of law unprecedented in Chinese history. Among the princes of the changing countries, the most complete transformation has been completed, and this perfect war machine has been built.
Yongcheng, in the history of the Qin State, served as the capital for a total of 294 years.
In the first 100 years, it was a symbol of the national consciousness and cohesion of the Qin people, witnessing the thriving and vigorous rise of the Qin people. Nearly two hundred years later, it witnessed a long period of strife, stagnation, and decline of the Qin people.
It wasn't until Qin Xiaogong and Shang Ying joined forces to play the strongest note of the times, and the giant wheel of law change promoted the rapid transformation of the Qin State. At this time, Yongcheng, which has experienced many vicissitudes, has shown its old state, and it and the old aristocratic forces it represents are destined to come to an end.
In 349 B.C., the Qin state moved its capital to Xianyang, and history gave birth to another glorious city in the Valley of the Eastern Emperors.
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