The Russian-Ukrainian conflict did not stop because of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, and the Crimean War that took place in the same land between 1853 and 1856 between Tsarist Russia and Britain and France in the struggle for control of Ottoman Turkey has a good historical reference significance for analyzing the trend and outcome of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict (the impact of the Crimean War on China is also analyzed at the end of the article).
In 1853, the issue of the Holy Land of Palestine gave Tsarist Russia the pretext to take control of the Ottoman Empire in place of other powers, and the Ottomans, with the support of Britain and France, rose up against it, leading to the outbreak of the Crimean War.
Before the Ninth Turkish-Russian War, the Crimean War, it is necessary to describe the background of the situation at that time.
1. The Oriental Question.
As mentioned in the previous issue, this sentence summarizes how the European powers dealt with the Ottoman Empire. It is generally accepted that from the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainaji to the end of the Treaty of Lausanne between the Entente and Turkey in 1923.
Second, the balance of power in Europe.
In 1815 at the Congress of the Anti-French League in Vienna to prevent the re-emergence of France and establish the Holy League. In the same year, Britain joined the Holy Alliance and signed the Treaty of the Quadruple Alliance, which established the Quadruple Alliance, opening the balance of power in Europe.
Under the double shackles, the Holy Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance, France licked its wounds and waited for an opportunity.
3. Anglo-Russian competition.
First of all, I would like to show a point of view, since modern times, Britain has been the first-class chess player in the great power game of chess, the so-called hooligan of hooligans. Since the beginning of parliamentary politics in 1689, the English have perfected this technique.
Britain successfully seduced Tsarist Russia to withdraw from the continental system in 1811 under the continental system built by the Emperor, and then Britain used Tsarist Russia to bury the millions of elites under the Emperor. Alexander I Le Ma Paris, known as the savior of Europe, Tsarist Russia became the European gendarme, although the Ottomans in the Eighth Turkish-Russian War were lost and ceded, but also learned that European countries did not respect this European gendarme so much, Britain, which pursued a continental balance of power, was very vigilant and uneasy about the rapid expansion of Tsarist Russia in the Near East, and the gums began to rattle.
Fourth, the question of the Holy Land.
The churches in Jerusalem, where Jesus' tomb is located, and Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus, are considered holy places by the Christian world.
In 1535 King François I of France allied with the Ottomans against the HRE, and in exchange the Ottomans recognized the French protectorate of the Holy Land.
In 1757, the protection of the Holy Land was handed over to the Greeks, under the influence of the pressure of the Russian forces.
In 1850, the French Emperor Louis Bonaparte sent a man to Castle to demand that the Ottomans recognize the French protectorate of the Holy Land, and threatened with force. The Sultan agreed to the demands of the French.
The French began to set up.
In 1852, the Sultan issued an edict conferring the right to protect the Holy Land to France.
5. On the part of Tsarist Russia.
After learning of the change of ownership of the Holy Land, the Russian-Turkish Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainaji of 1774 was reaffirmed, which provided for the prerogatives of the Orthodox Church over the Catholic Church. The contradictions between the two countries are deepening day by day.
Tsarist Russia began to set up.
Nicholas I believed that the previous Russo-Turkish war had won seven out of eight battles, the Ottomans were vulnerable, and the Holy Alliance of the Four Nations was in hand, and rushed out of the Black Sea at this time.
Tsarist Russia, which had been a newcomer to European politics for 100 years, was only half a European, and lacked insight into the fragility of the Holy Alliance, which was only effective against the French opposition.
France made a number of external co-ordination at this time.
Coordinate British attitudes through the concession and recognition of British interests in Egypt. By using the Sardinia dynasty Cavour ** to threaten Austria. Puo watched from the wall.
To sum up, France has quietly coordinated the great power relations between Britain and Austria, and the Lost Holy Alliance and the previous brilliant achievements of Russia and Turkey have begun to gear up. The Ottomans, backed by the support of Britain and France, were ready to avenge seven defeats in eight previous battles. In front of the station, Tsarist Russia was already in a situation of encirclement by the three countries. The results speak for themselves.
Crimean War
1. Direct causes.
As mentioned above, in 1853, Tsarist Russia demanded that the Ottomans cede Negro (Montenegro) in the form of negotiations, which was almost a cession of the Balkans. For Europeans, the Balkans overlooked the middle Danube to the north and the Po Plain in northern Italy to the west across the narrow Adriatic Sea.
Clearly: Nicholas I is dreaming! (Of course, he is more than an emperor in his dreams).
On July 3 of that year, the Tsar sent troops into the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. (in present-day Romania).
On October 9, Sultan Hamid I, with the support of Britain and France, demanded the return of the two principalities to Tsarist Russia.
Second, the course of the war.
On October 16 of that year, Tsarist Russia declared war on the Ottomans.
2. The Battle of Xinop was the last large-scale battle of the sail warships in which the Russian Black Sea Fleet defeated the Ottoman Navy.
In January, the British and French fleets entered the battle.
On January 20 and 21 of the year, Tsarist Russia declared war with Britain and France (700,000 against 1 million, the advantage is mine).
On March 27 and 28, France and Britain declared war on Russia. On April 22, the British and French shelled Sevastopol.
In that year, Fau declared neutrality and formed a defensive alliance.
At this moment Nicholas I cried out that it was not good.
On June 3, Austria deployed 80,000 troops on the border between Hungary and the two principalities.
On 14 June, Austria and the Ottomans signed a treaty agreeing that Austria would occupy the two principalities until the end of the war.
At this point, the Russian-Austrian alliance broke down, and Nicholas I realized that he had fallen into a terrible trap. Betrayed by Austria, an ally and brother.
On July 28, Russia withdrew from the two principalities, and Vienna proposed an end to the war, but Nicholas I refused, wanting a decent peace.
On March 20 of that year, Nicholas I died suddenly and was succeeded by his son Alexander II.
At 11:30 on September 8, the British and French forces attacked Sevastopol, and for the first time in history, all units launched a general attack on the time, and the fortress fell.
In the Caucasus, Tsarist Russia defeated the Ottomans in the Caucasus campaign.
A ceasefire agreement was reached in February of that year.
III. Post-War Agreements.
On March 30, 1856, the Treaty of Paris was signed, stipulating:
1. The great powers jointly guarantee the "independence and integrity" of Turkey; Turkey pledged to improve the situation of its people regardless of race or creed;
2. Russia recovered the occupied territories of the Crimean Peninsula, ceded the mouth of the Danube and southern Bessarabia to Moldavia, returned Kars in the Caucasus to Turkey, and renounced the right to protect the Orthodox Church in Turkey;
3. The suzerainty of Serbia, Wallachia and Moldavia remained with Turkey and was jointly guaranteed by the Great Powers;
4. Neutralization of the Black Sea, prohibiting all ** ships from passing through the two straits, and prohibiting Russia from establishing or maintaining arsenals along the Black Sea coast; Freedom of navigation on the Danube.
At this point, the Ottomans pulled back another game in the Ninth Turkish-Russian War with the help of Britain, France and Austria, 7:2. Tsarist Russia's aggressive expansion in the southwestern direction suffered a major defeat, losing 520,000 troops and costing 800 million rubles.
V. Impact of War:
1. British Nightingale went to Crimea during the war and went to the front line to care for the wounded, which improved the medical conditions on the battlefield, reduced the number of war personnel, and contributed to the Nightingale system.
2. Promote a series of changes.
The reform of serfdom emancipated by Alexander II in 1861.
On March 30, 1867, Tsarist Russia sold Alaska (1.7 million square kilometers) to the United States for $7 million.
3. Ottoman Turkey has since become a protectorate of the European powers, and has further decayed, becoming the sick man of West Asia in the eyes of modern Europe.
4. Britain and France achieved their strategic goals, Britain curbed the expansion of Tsarist Russia in the Near East, France broke the shackles of the Holy Alliance, restored its status as a great power, and did not weaken Tsarist Russia too much in order to prevent Britain from driving a wedge between Tsarist Russia and Austria. The victory of Britain and France did not give the two countries any real material benefits, and contributed to the Second Opium War launched by Britain and France in 1856 against the Qing Dynasty in the Far East. Qing ** further ceded land and paid compensation, and became the sick man of East Asia.
5. Tsarist Russia, which suffered a major failure in the southwestern expansion, quickly turned its gun and violently used troops against the northeast.
On May 28, 1858 (April 16, the eighth year of Xianfeng), the Treaty of Aihui signed between Nikolai Nikolayevich Muravyov, Governor of Eastern Siberia of the Russian Empire and Yishanyu, the Heilongjiang General of the Qing Dynasty, stipulated:
As a result of the treaty, China lost about 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of the Heilongjiang River and south of the Outer Khing'an Mountains, and placed Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River under Sino-Russian condominium. The Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers are only allowed to sail by Chinese and Russian ships;
At that time, the Qing refused to ratify the treaty.
In 1860, the Anglo-French army invaded Beijing, and the Qing Emperor fled to Chengde, where the Anglo-French army broke into the Old Summer Palace and plundered and burned the jewels. During the war, Tsarist Russia claimed to be "meritorious in mediation" after sending troops, and coerced Qing ** to cede more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory, thus becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing being forced to sign the Treaty of Beijing.
Tsarist Russia came from behind and increasingly became the most dangerous and best enemy of the ancient Chinese Empire.
Finally: In connection with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which has lasted until 2022, it is of both historical and practical significance to examine and review the Crimean War that occurred more than 100 years ago, before World War I, and as a quasi-world war.
End of this article. The next issue will talk about the declining giants.
My gzh: Herodotus, a 40-year-old real estate man, is not panicked at all, like a tree at the door, the flowers are in full bloom, and the branches are luxuriant. With the escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Middle East has been opened up, and this is the twenty-second article. Let's use common sense to fend off the prejudices of the times.