Wen Zhou Min
The forty-third article of "The Biography of Wei Qiwu Anlie" in the "Guan Cone Compilation - Historical Records Society" discusses a total of six issues, and this is the fourth problem - "belly slander" and "lane discussion".
"Belly slander" and "alley discussion" are the first words proposed by Li Si. It means that the minister criticizes the emperor in his heart in the court, and criticizes the emperor in the people when he leaves the court. This is the most feared and hated behavior of the emperor. This is also the killer weapon used by the emperor's ministers to attack the loyal ministers and make the loyal ministers fall to death.
Qian Zhongshu first took Tian Jue's framing of Dou Ying as an example.
In addition to being the cousin and nephew of Dou Yifang, the empress of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Dou Ying was a relative of the Great General when he quelled the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, first named the Marquis of Wei Qi, and then promoted to Prime Minister.
Tian Jue did not make meritorious contributions, just because he was articulate, and was the second queen of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty娡He thought he was talented and was promoted to lieutenant.
Later, Dou Ying and Tian Ying were dismissed by Dou Yifang together, because the two and Dou Yifang had different governing philosophies, and they were recommended by the two togetherThe imperial historian Zhao Juan asked the emperor not to report the political affairs to Dou Yifang.
After the death of Dou Yifang, Wang娡was in power, Tian Ying was reactivated and appointed as prime minister, while Dou Ying had no backstage and could only continue to be idle.
After Tian Ying gained power, he was arrogant, and the courtiers who had surrounded Dou Ying in the past ran to Tian Ying's banner one-sidedly, only the doufu who was removed due to alcoholism after his outstanding military exploits still stuck to Dou Ying's side, sympathizing with each other, and huddling together for warmth.
Once, Tian Jue met Dou Ying on the road, and knew that Dou Ying and Dou Ying were brothers and sisters, so he pretended to say, I want to go with you to visit Dou Ying, and it is not very convenient to see that you are filial piety.
In order to win over the feelings, the husband made Dou Ying and Tian Wei close, and hurriedly said, It is rare for the prime minister to have this heart, and I am willing to accompany him. We agreed to go the next day. The bushman immediately told Dou Ying that Tian Ying was coming to visit.
In order to welcome the hot Tian Wei, Dou Ying and his wife went all out, bought wine and vegetables, and prepared all night.
Dou Ying waited for a long time the next day and saw no one, and it turned out that Tian Wei had forgotten all about it. When the bushman went to greet him, Tian Jue was still lying down and had not gotten up, got up late, was late on the road, and arrived late. During the banquet, he was arrogant and rude, which made the husband angry, but fortunately, Dou Ying swallowed his anger and did not break out into conflict.
The second time was at the wedding banquet of Tian Wei's wife, who was also a relative of the emperor, Dou Ying was treated coldly, but Tian Wei was proud of the spring breeze, and the husband couldn't bear it, so that the wine scolded the seat, causing Tian Wei's revenge. Dou Ying stepped forward and tried his best to save him. Dou Ying and Tian Ying were at loggerheads, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the two sides to go to the East Palace for a debate.
Dou Ying tried his bestSubstituteBushmanExculpation, saying that he was convicted of alcoholism, but Tian Wei used other crimes to frame the drummer. Tian Wei tried his best to slander the bushmansued him for running rampant in the countryside and collecting people's wealth.
Dou BabyAlso exposedTian WeiCorruption
Tian WeiDefend yourselfsaid:
"The world is fortunate and peaceful, so I can be the emperor's confidant, hobbies **, dogs and horses and field houses. What I like is nothing more than kabuki artists and craftsmenDou BabyLike the bushman, he gathered the heroes of the world, discussed and discussed day and night, and slandered his heartDeeply dissatisfied with the imperial court, he either looked up at the sky, or lowered his head to paint on the ground, peeping between the east and west palaces, hoping that something would happen in the world, so that they could make meritorious deeds. I don't understandDou BabyWhat exactly are they going to do? "
This is Tian Jue's eloquence. He avoided the important and made light of it, and he was clever in his tongue, admitting that he was a dog and horse, buying land and buying houses, and saying that his corruption was a personal hobby, which did not hinder the national body. And accusing Dou Ying and Dou Fu of having a deep resentment against the imperial courtSlanderis slandering the court and the emperor in his heart. In fact, this is impossible to check and verify, that is, it is unwarranted, but it is this kind of words that pierced the emperor's heart like a stinger and could not be pulled out, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally killed Dou Ying under the bewitchment of other rumors.
Tian Jue knew that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty would not mind too much about his lustful voice and begging Tian to build a house, but he was very interested in Dou YingSlanderIt is intolerable, so Tian Jue won with one move, and killed his sworn enemies Dou Ying and Dou Fu on trumped-up charges by the hand of the emperor.
Qian Zhongshu cites a similar example below.
In the first case, Li Si persuaded Qin Shi Huang to burn books and pit Confucianism with "belly slander" and "alley discussion".
"Qin Shi Huang Benji" Li Si said: "If you enter, your heart will be wrong, and if you go out, you will discuss ,......."If you don't prohibit it, the main power will fall to the top, and the party will become the bottom";
Translated into the vernacular, Li Si said:
In ancient times, the world was scattered and chaotic and could not be unified, so the princes rose up at the same time, and the people's speeches praised the ancient, to the detriment of the existing policies, and to confuse the original appearance of things, and everyone thought that their own doctrine was the most perfect, and criticized the system established by the monarch. Now the emperor has annexed the whole world, distinguishing right from wrong, and establishing supremacy. When they heard that the decree was issued, they would use their own doctrine to discuss it, and when they entered the court, they talked about it in the streets, and boasted about themselves in front of the monarch, so as to sell their fame and reputation, stand out from the crowd, think that they were superhuman, and lead their subjects to fabricate slanderous rumors. If this is not prohibited, the authority of the monarch will decline at the top, and the collusion of party members will be formed at the bottom.
It was Li Si's rhetoric that ultimately contributed to Qin Shi Huang's decision to burn books and pit Confucianism.
The second case is the story of the incorruptible man Fan Fan who was framed
Fan Fan, when he was youngNoble manIt was recommended by the local people as "filial piety".
There was a famine in Jizhou, thievesEverywhere, corruption is rampant,Fan FanI am appointedFor the Qing edict,Specifically inventory**, everywhere he goesOnesThrow away the official seal,Flee when you hear the wind
Rear riseMoveforGuanglu Xun is in chargeResponsible for following the emperor to deal with various chores.
AgainAfterRenRunan TaishouCauseRestrain the powerful and oppose the monopoly of the dynasty, the tyranny of expropriation, and the sale of official positionsNothing evilTen permanent attendantsWhileWell-knownontimes
Fan was later recommended by Taiwei Huang QiongEnabled。Later, the emperor issued an edict to Taiwei, Situ, and Sikongof SanfuThe subordinate officials reported to the people those songs that reflected the meritocracy of the officials, Fan FanbyThis impeachment has more than 20 people who have assassinated Shi and powerful people. Shangshu replished Fan for impeachmentNumber of peopleToo much, suspecting that he is mixed with personal grudges. Fan Fan knew that his ideals could not be implemented, so he resignedReturn home
After Fan Peng returned to his hometown,Taishou Zongzi heard that Fan Fan was virtuous and talented, and invited him to come to Gongcao to inspect the achievements of officials and select talents. Fan Fanjing is clear, clears up the best officials, promotes buried talents, and acts fairly. Fan Fan's nephew, Xiping Li Song, was abandoned by the township, and Tang Heng, a regular attendant, introduced Li Song to Zongzi as an official. Fan Fan thinks that this nephew is not qualified enough, so he doesn't need to press it down.
A.Dyear, due to the disaster of the party (that is, the eunuch imprisoned the scholar for life in the name of "party man"), Fan FanAt the same time as Li Ying, Chen Fan, Wang Chang, etcHe was imprisoned in the Huangmen Temple Prison.
Emperor Liu Zhi of the Han Dynasty sent a regular attendant Wang Fu to interrogate.
Wang Fu rebuked
"You are a minister, you don't want to be loyal to the country, you actually form a party together, self-proclaim, talk about the court, fabricate facts, and make all kinds of schemes, what do you want to do, you are honest. ”
Fan replied: "It is natural for good and good to be pure, evil and evil to be dirty, and I can't imagine that you will refer to normal interactions as forming a party." ”
Wang Fu asked repeatedly, and Fan Peng answered them one by one. Wang Fu saw that he was righteous and invulnerable, and lifted his shackles.
The following yearFan QuiltRelease and return home,ReceivedDr. RunanshiofPut out the welcome mat.
A.Dyear, Fan FanThe second timeEncounteredIn the disaster of the party, Wu Dao, the governor of Runan, went to arrest Fan Fan, and when he arrived at Fan's hometown, he cried in the post houseFan Fan heard it and said, "It must be for me!" "Go to jail yourself right away. The county commander Guo Yi was shocked, and came out to lift the seal and wanted to escape with him, saying: "The world is very big! Why are you here? Fan Fan said: "When I die, the calamity will end, how can I affect you and displace my mother?" "Refused the life and death of the county order.
Fan's mother came to the prison to say goodbye to Fan. Fan Fan said to his mother: "The second brother Fan Bo is filial piety, enough to support your old man, I, Fan Fan, will return to Huangquan and die as he deserves. The mother said: "You can now be on the same level as Li Ying and Du Mi, and you will die without regrets!" If you already have a good reputation, can you get both? Fan Pan knelt down to be taught, and then said goodbye. Then he turned to his son and said, "If I want you to be evil, then you must not do evil; I want you to be good, I am not evil, and this is the result! "There is no one who walkers who hears without tears. Fan was only thirty-three years old when he became righteous. How tragic, how painful!
This story is quoted as follows in this section of Qian Zhongshu's notes:
"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Party" Wang Fu Ju and Fan Fan said: "The Communist Party of the People's Republic of China, praise each other, comment on the court, fabricate and unprovoked, and conspire to tie the knot";
The third case"The Theory of Adultery".The logic of framing opponents to form parties.
According to legendWang AnshiThe introduction of the new law was conservativeResistance from recalcitrant forces。Conservatives for the fight against Wang Anshi,BrewThe article "On the Identification of Adultery".and signed as deceasedSu Xunmade, whereby it shows that the author is back inWang Anshi changed the lawBefore", ".See the subtleties", foreseesWang AnshiDezhiAfterHe will be a traitorMinister
"The Theory of Distinguishing Adultery" first mentions that "things must come when things are done, and there are things that are certain", and everything can be "seen and known".Through the sprouts toIn the future, as a theoretical basis. Then foresee with a mountain giantWang YanGuo ZiyiForesightLu QiAs an example, the analogy is Wang Anshi's "clothes."SubjectClothing, foodDogsFood,The head of the prisoner is mournedThe behavior of talking about poetry and books is "unkind", and then deduces the conclusion that Wang Anshi will be a traitor and harm the country.
"The Theory of Adultery".It is believed that the development of things has a trend and a law to follow, and that observing people and discussing things can "see the subtle things" and be predictable, which is beyond reproach. However, the text was immediately followed by Wang AnshilifeSloppy and unkemptto judgeWang Anshi's conduct, judging people by appearance, is not convincingIn particular, the next few words, the so-called"Those who accept good names and those who do not have aspirations make words and private names".It is exactly the same as Li Sizhi's "belly slander" and "alley discussion", which are all sensationalizing by forming a party with the opponent to frame the opponent, which is very inferior.
Academia right"The Theory of Adultery".Who is the author has been controversial to this dayThe jury is still out.
To sum up, Qian Zhongshu concluded,"Qin Shi Huang Benji" Li SiSaid,"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Dang Gong".Said,and Su Xun's "Theory of Distinguishing Adultery".All that is said".Don't go out of Wu'annumberThe meaning of the language
And according to Tian Jue's logic,".If you do a good job of making friends and returning more, although you will not form a party, the party will form itself, and the form of a party will be formed, that is, it will become a chaotic party without committing a crime, and it will also become a friend party without committing it
Tian Jue means that these people have close contacts, although they have not explicitly stated that they have formed a party, but the rudiments of their party formation have been naturally formed, although they have not committed chaos and become a chaotic party; will definitely deceive the emperor and become a friend.
In the end, Qian Zhongshu summed it up in a word: ".Therefore, Wu An's words are the most sensationalWu An is Tian Jue).
It stands to reason that there is no real evidence for "belly slander" and "alley discussion", and there is a high probability that they are "unwarranted", but it can most touch the emperor's fear, sow the seeds of the emperor's jealousy of heroes, and have caused many tragedies of heroes. In the words of Qian Zhongshu, "the Son of Heaven often cuts his teeth", and he talks about the tiger's color change, which is never far away.
2 March 4, 24
Appendix: Article 43 of "Pipe Cone Compilation - Historical Records Annotation and Examination".
4) Slander
Wu An said: "It's better to Wei Qi and Doufu, gather the world's heroes and heroes day and night to discuss with each other, slander and slander, and don't look up to the sky and look down on the ground." According to "Qin Shi Huang Benji" Li Si said: "If you enter, you will not be in the heart, and if you go out, you will discuss ,......."If you don't prohibit it, the main power will fall to the top, and the party will become the bottom"; "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Party" Wang Fu Ju and Fan Fan said: "The Communist Party of the People's Republic of China, praise each other, comment on the court, fabricate and unprovoked, and conspire to tie the knot"; and Su Xun's "Theory of Distinguishing Treachery": "Those who accept good names and those who have no ambitions make words and private names"; It does not mean Wu An's words. If you do a good job of making friends and returning more, although you will not form a party, the party will form itself, and the form of a party will be formed, that is, it will become a chaotic party without committing a crime, and it will also become a friend party without committing itTherefore, Wu An's words are the most sensational"Warring States Policy Chu Ce" Yijiang Yi said that the king of Chu said: "If the next is more dangerous than Zhou, the next division and contention will be safe." "The Biography of General Wei and Hussars" Wei Qing Xie Sujian said: "Self-defense Wei Qi and Wu An's thick guests, the Son of Heaven often cuts his teeth. ......People and ministers just obey the law and obey their duties, what is the matter with recruits! "There are still lingering palpitations in the road. Tang Geng's "Meishan Collection" Volume 2 "White Egret": "Speaking of the egret flock in front of the door, it is also advisable to know from now on; The gentlemen intend to get rid of the hook party, and A and B push and fear the king! ”；Talking about the tiger's color change is never far away.