Strength determines the world, and China and the Soviet Union have been grudges for 50 years
Stalin once said that for a less industrialized country like China, other countries can easily plunder its interests. At the height of the Soviet Union's development, they did not place the Communist Party of China in an important position, believing that it was not particularly outstanding among many fraternal countries.
Therefore, the Soviet Union was the first to contact and choose the Kuomintang, and then the CCP. Even after the victory in the three major battles, the Soviet Union tried to divide its sphere of influence with the United States on the Yangtze River.
In the early days of the Soviet Union, although Stalin gave assistance, it was the people who first and aided the most. It was not until the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea that the potential of the new China was truly recognized and began to aid China, which gave the Soviet Union the image of "big brother" in the international community.
However, after all, the world still speaks with strength, and the relationship between the once close brothers has fallen to a freezing point because of differences of interest. The grievances and grievances in Sino-Soviet relations also prove that only independence can be strong.
In the early days of its establishment, in order to find allies, the Soviet Union chose China, which was bullied by the great powers in the East. At this time, China was still in power in Beiyang**, and the first stop for the Soviet Union to send Yue Fei south to find allies was Wu Peifu.
However, behind Wu Peifu were the forces of the great powers, so the beginning of the Soviet Union's ties with the Kuomintang was cooperation with Sun Yat-sen, one needed allies, the other needed support.
In order to support Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary cause, Yue Fei not only provided 2 million rubles, 8,000 rifles, 15 machine guns and other materials, but also sent a large number of advisers to help.
Borodin, as a political adviser, succeeded in reorganizing the Kuomintang into a party with a strong centripetal force on the model of the CPSU. The Soviet Union's help was not gratuitous, and they hoped that after the success of Sun Yat-sen's revolution, China would become a staunch ally.
In addition to helping the Kuomintang reorganize, the Soviet Union also proposed the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy to train military talents, and provided 17 million rubles in money, guns, shells and other materials.
Although Sun Yat-sen was an important figure in the Whampoa Military Academy, the Soviet Union also found Feng Yuxiang as an ally, providing nearly 60,000 rifles, 70 million rounds of ammunition, 78 guns and 11 million loans.
The CCP in the same camp was not taken seriously by the Soviet Union at this time, and although it helped to build the party, it was still relatively weak in the eyes of the Soviet Union and was mainly responsible for political work. Before the Northern Expedition, Sun Yat-sen's sudden death left a huge power vacuum, and Hu Hanmin, Wang Jingwei and Liao Zhongkai were capable of taking power.
However, Liao Zhongkai was assassinated, and Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei joined forces to secretly identify Hu Hanmin as the mastermind behind it, forcing him to go abroad. This allowed Chiang Kai-shek to officially enter the center of power in Canton.
Then, he used the "Zhongshan Ship Incident" to override the Soviet Union and the CCP, forcing Wang Jingwei to go abroad and become the de facto ruler.
Chiang Kai-shek had reservations about the Soviet Union, and he proposed with Wang Ching-wei to limit the power of the Soviet Union, but Wang Ching-wei did not respond. However, with the victory of the Northern Expedition, the Beiyang warlords collapsed one after another, and the spokesmen of Britain and the United States lost their influence.
Against this background, Chiang Kai-shek and the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium came to an agreement, and they found that Chiang Kai-shek's experience in Shanghai coincided with the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium's restrictions on the workers' movement, which made the two sides hit it off.
Chiang Kai-shek's move was to make his position clear to Britain and the United States, and he eliminated hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang leftists by launching the April 12 Incident, and successfully won the trust of Britain and the United States and the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium.
In the end, he established the National** in Nanjing to fight against Wang Jingwei's National** in Wuhan.
412 Wang Jingwei relied on the Soviet Union, but seeing that the Soviet Union demanded that he immediately carry out land reform, arm the workers' and peasants' army, etc., made him wary of the Soviet Union. Soon after, he also carried out the purge of the party in Wuhan, which was the July 15 coup.
Although the Ninghan and Han wars each other, the essence is still the same, so it is logical that the Ninghan confluence. As for Feng Yuxiang, another ally of the Soviet Union, he was originally a defective general.
After seeing Chiang Kai-shek's promise of 2.5 million military expenses per month, he immediately threw himself into Chiang Kai-shek's arms. It can be said that all the allies that the Soviet Union looked for at the beginning betrayed him.
After 5 years of painstaking operation, in the end, the bamboo basket was empty. Before the Zunyi Conference, the Soviet Union was the same within the CCP. Of course, the USSR also had an ally that was not taken seriously, and that was the CCP.
The outbreak of the Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of the armed revolution, and a spark could ignite a prairie fire. However, at this time, the Soviet Union still said the same thing within the CCP. At that time, whoever had anything to do with the Soviet Union would naturally have a lot of power.
But without the ties of the USSR, no matter how strong the capabilities are, it is useless. For example, Wang Ming, who studied in the Soviet Union in his early years, met Dimitrov, vice president of Sun Yat-sen University. Miff wanted to develop his power, Wang Ming wanted to climb up, and the two sides hit it off.
Therefore, when Dimitrov held a conference in Shanghai in 1931, he single-handedly supported Wang Ming to the highest center of power.
After Wang Ming received the support of the Soviet Union, he naturally stood firmly on the Soviet Union's standpoint and spoke. Since the Soviet Union can support him, it can easily pull him down. Therefore, although Wang Ming holds the highest power, he has never been able to be independent.
Even later in the Soviet Union, the inexperienced Bogu was still in power. In Moscow, Wang Ming gave orders according to the instructions of the Comintern, while Bogu strictly followed them at home.
The young Bogu's lack of experience, coupled with Li De's indiscriminate command, forced the Red Army to embark on a long march. However, fortunately, the convening of the Zunyi Conference confirmed the leadership of the world, which also marked the beginning of the independence from the Soviet Union in the future.
This was undoubtedly an important turning point.
After the September 18 Incident, Japan's expansion in the Far East made the Soviet Union feel threatened, and despite the grudges with Chiang Kai-shek, Stalin decided to unite with him and began to make contact with the people.
However, at this time, after the Red Army was forced to go on the Long March, there were less than 10,000 people left when they arrived in northern Shaanxi, not only with backward equipment, but also lacking in materials, and even with 5 rounds of ammunition and guns per capita.
However, in such difficult times, the USSR still provided the people with 2$500 million in loans, equipment for 24 divisions, 3600 military specialists, 985 aircraft, 1317 artillery pieces and 1600 million rounds of ammunition and other supplies, because Stalin believed that only the national ** could be a reliable ally.
After the outbreak of the all-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, due to the blockade of the people, the Soviet Union's support for the Eighth Route Army gradually decreased. In this case, the Eighth Route Army had to rely on its own strength to carry out large-scale production in Nanniwan in order to obtain grain and **.
At the same time, the rectification in Yan'an was aimed at eliminating the influence of the Soviet Union and realizing the independent development of the party organization. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Soviet Union sent troops to the northeast and defeated the Kwantung Army.
This was not out of good intentions, and between September 1945 and May 1946, the Soviet Union carried out a large-scale relocation and looting of factories, mines, power stations and other facilities in Northeast China, transported materials including high-end furniture, radios, table clocks, scalpers, etc., and plundered up to $6 billion worth of **, US dollars and Manchurian currency.
During the puppet Manchurian period, the interests of the Northeast prompted the Nationals to sign the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Soviet Union, which formally confirmed the provisions of the Yalta Agreement, which included the independence of Outer Mongolia, the ownership of the ports of Lushun and Dalian, and the control of the Zhongchang Railway.
As a token of gratitude, the Soviet Union agreed to the takeover of the Northeast by the Nationals.
Stalin, one of the triumvirate of the Yalta Conference, was initially not supportive of the war of liberation. Because the CCP issued a statement pointing out that the newly established China would abolish all unequal treaties signed by the Kuomintang, including the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Stalin was unwilling to lose his previous interests.
However, Stalin's calculations fell through. The Kuomintang was quickly defeated, and the Soviet ambassador, who had been following the Kuomintang south to Guangzhou, saw that the situation was not good and returned to the Soviet Union in disgrace.
Stalin refused to give up easily, so he provoked a war on the border. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, ** visited the Soviet Union, hoping to regain control of the Lushun, Dalian and Zhongchang railways, but was treated coldly by Stalin.
Under the arduous negotiations of *** and others, Stalin was forced to compromise, but secretly planned things and agreed to the unified action of Kim Il Sung. He was ready to use the Korean Unification War to provoke a war on the Chinese border and push China to the front line of direct military confrontation with the United States, so as to force China to accept the help of the Soviet Union.
The garrison locations were still Lushun and Dalian, and the control of the Zhongchang Railway naturally fell into the hands of the Soviet Union.
Visiting the Soviet Union, his expression was solemn, and in the face of an unprecedented crisis, he decided to send volunteers to fight in North Korea, vowing to fight to the end. However, in the UN resolution of February 1, 1951, the Soviet Union abstained by acquiescing in the dispatch of troops by the United States, which surprised the whole world.
But it was this poorly equipped volunteer army, with firm determination, that successfully defeated the US army, armed to the teeth, and shattered the myth of the invincibility of the US army.
The volunteers, whose mission is to defend the homeland and the country, won brilliant achievements in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. These achievements not only demonstrated the national prestige of the People's Republic of China, but also enhanced China's international status.
At the same time, these achievements also changed Stalin's perception. Stalin was deeply surprised by the performance of the new China, and his attitude changed dramatically. He not only returned the port of Dalian and the medium and long-term lines to China in advance, but also fully supported China's industrialization, which is the famous 156 project.
With the signing of the armistice agreement and the strong assistance of the Soviet Union, relations between China and the United States became tense as the Cold War began. In a full-scale confrontation between the USSR and the United States, each side needed to find allies.
China and the United States have had a history of war, so it is impossible to cooperate. In essence, the political philosophies of China and the United States were fundamentally different, so the choice of the Soviet Union was inevitable.
In addition, the USSR was aware of the importance of China as a forward position.
The Soviet Union was world-famous for its support of China's industrialization, not only providing $2.4 billion in loans and equipment, but also sending 10,000 experts and technical backbones to personally guide and teach China, so that China could quickly master the technology of industrialization.
At the same time, the Soviet Union also provided 600 teachers and 1,400 textbook translations for Chinese universities, providing rich learning resources for Chinese engineers and technical backbones.
Without the help of the Soviet Union, China's industrialization process would have been more difficult, so we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the Soviet Union for its help.
After Khrushchev came to power, in order to remove Stalin's influence in the USSR, he took significant measures and sought support from the socialist camp. The chairman attended the Moscow Conference in 1957, stood up for Khrushchev, and hoped to receive nuclear assistance from the Soviet Union.
In this context, China and the Soviet Union signed the "Agreement on New Technologies for National Defense", and the Soviet Union promised to assist China's atomic energy industry, missiles, rockets** and the construction of nuclear test bases, thus opening up China's nuclear industry.
The Soviet aid program had its purpose, which was to expand the socialist camp and make China a satellite of the USSR. However, the chairman was adamantly opposed to this approach, as he believed that China should be independent and have equal relations with the Soviet Union, which laid the groundwork for future disagreements.
In 1958, the Soviet Union put forward the idea of building a long-wave radio station and a combined fleet, but we politely rejected it. These proposals later became the trigger for the cooling of Sino-Soviet relations.
Although there are different views on the differences, it is undeniable that this led to a rapid cooling of Sino-Soviet relations. In fact, the real reason lies in the great power strategy of the USSR.
At that time, the Soviet Union was trying to repair relations with the United States and used China as an important bargaining chip in negotiations, especially Khrushchev's dissatisfaction with the Kinmen artillery battle, which seriously interfered with his communication with the United States.
However, China was very unhappy with this behavior, because this was their own business and should not be interfered with by the USSR. The Soviet Union's view of China as its little brother, and China's desire to engage with the Soviet Union on an equal footing, was the root cause of the disagreement.
Soviet experts left China with precious images, but the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the defense technology agreement and supported India's provocations. On July 16, 1960, all Soviet experts were evacuated, and a series of events such as the Zhenbao Island incident broke out.
The Soviet Union amassed a million troops on the border, and China was forced to prepare for the worst. In order to deal with a possible crisis, China developed a strategy of "digging deep holes and accumulating grain", and the leadership was evacuated to various places.
Regardless of where to go, the four million skilled workers boarded the stuffy tanker with their families, went to the mountains in the southwest and northwest to dig holes, and made industrial backups incognito, which is the third-line project.
The cessation of Soviet aid had a huge impact on China, because of the full acceptance of Soviet technology, the construction of 250 and enterprises in the country was forced to stop. A lot of technology has not yet been digested, which makes it difficult for economic development.
However, China persisted, and this insistence lasted for 12 years.
The United States in the sixties and seventies, faced with the threat of a million Soviet troops and a nuclear threat, began to look for a new balance. Recognizing that the enemy of his enemy is his friend, he decided to turn to seeking relations with the United States.
At that time, the United States was at a disadvantage in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and was eager to find new opportunities for cooperation, while China happened to have the same idea, and the two sides began to gradually contact. Nixon's visit to China in 1972 completely changed Sino-American relations, allowing China to find a new balance in its confrontation with the Soviet Union.
Since then, China has successfully found its own path in the triangular relationship between China, the United States and the Soviet Union.
Nixon's visit to China: From 1922, when the Soviet Union began to contact China, to 1972, when relations between China and the United States were normalized, there were 50 years of ups and downs. The past 50 years have also been a historical witness to China's transformation from a backward old society to a strong and prosperous new China.
However, between countries, there are only eternal interests, and there are no eternal friends. No matter when and where, all interactions come from their own strong strength. After all, this world still has the final say in strength.