The dog Rong destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty and forced the Zhou Dynasty to move the capital, why was it not listed as a prince?
In 782 BC, King You of Zhou ascended the throne.
During his reign, he appointed the ridiculer Guo Shi as the prime minister"The people of the country were angry"。In addition, in the second year of King Yu, a big ** occurred in Sanchuan, causing a serious famine and the people were miserable.
However, King Zhou You was not interested in this, but pampered his wife Bao Xi even more, which made the government and the current situation even more chaotic.
Legend has it that King Zhou You, in order to win a smile, also staged a play"Humiliate the princes"The farce. Whether such an event has occurred in history, we don't care for the time being, but it is certain that by the time of King You of Zhou, the princes of the world had rebelled, the authority of the Zhou royal family had been swept away, and the constraints on the princes of the world had disappeared.
However, King Zhou You was still ruthless, and later made a play"Good show", got rid of Shenhou and Yijiu Prince, renamed Bo Xing as the empress, and set up Bo Xing's son Bo Su as the crown prince, which eventually caused the dissatisfaction of the empress's father Shenhou, and thus caused ** and turmoil within the ruling group.
At this time, the border of the Zhou Dynasty was empty, the artillery had rebelled and invaded the east, and the Zhou army was defeated, even the king of Zhou You completely ignored the threat of the cannon, but sent troops to crusade against the Shen State, and the Shenhou saw that the situation was not good, so the cannon, Lu Huitong and other princes formed a large army to attack Zhou, and the king of Zhou You was in a hurry"Call the shots", but"The soldiers are not coming"！, but"The soldiers are not coming"。
King You of Zhou was defeated and killed by the dog Rong at the foot of Li Mountain, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. When the dog Rong attacked the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Haojing, Shenhou and other monarchs withdrew their troops and recognized the prince Yijiu as the king, and the king of Zhou You (that is, the king of Zhou Ping) overthrew Yijiu, but Haojing failed to block the second attack of the dog Rong, and the king of Zhou Ping moved the capital to the eastern capital, and the Eastern Zhou dynasty officially began to rule.
This raises the question: why was the dog Rong, who destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty and forced the Zhou Dynasty to move its capital, not listed as a prince?
To answer this question, we also need to talk about the history of India.
Army History. Around the 21st century BC, the Xia Dynasty, the first slave state in Chinese history, emerged, when the ancient clans living in the northwest region changed, that is, the clans linked by blood gradually disappeared, and the clans tied by geography were changed'All over the country'！"。.
The tribe surnamed Ji, who lived in the southern region of Ningxia, gradually became stronger, and formed an alliance with the tribe surnamed Jiang to form an alliance tribe. The leader of the alliance tribes, his former father, Gongdan, could not resist the attack of the Rongdi tribe living in the north, so he had to move east and establish the Fang state named after the Zhou dynasty.
By the way, you can imagine that this Zhou is the same tribe that later established the Zhou dynasty. After the Dian people drove out the former Duke Dan Baba, the Dian people were divided into Di and Rong people, but later in the war between the two tribes, the Rong people had the upper hand, and the Di people had to retreat to the north.
Obviously, the Indians were one of the Rong tribes, or a very powerful and fierce tribe, when the Western Zhou Dynasty replaced the Yin Shang dynasty and established a dynasty, the Indians became a great threat to the Zhou Dynasty, we can trace some records of the conquest or imminent conquest of the Indians by the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty or the Zhou Dynasty in the "Historical Records - Zhou Benji".
For example, Xibo overthrew the dog Rong, King Zhou Mu conquered the dog Rong, and so on. Therefore, throughout the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Inurong Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty were actually in a state of war and peace.
However, this does not mean that before the Zhou dynasty, the Indians did not pose a threat to the Xia and Shang dynasties. According to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", in the thirtieth year of King Yin Wu, the Zhou master attacked Yiqiu, indicating that Yiqiu was a fairly powerful Fang state during the Yin Shang period.
Since we mentioned that the Indians and the Zhou dynasty were sometimes at war and sometimes at peace, let's take a look at the close relationship between the Indians and the Zhou dynasty.
The last years of the Rong and Zhou dynasties.
Rong Di played an important role in promoting the rise of the Zhou Dynasty and the establishment of political power, but they were brave and good at fighting, which also brought great hidden dangers to the Central Plains Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty organized military operations many times, it did not benefit much, on the contrary, Rong Di learned lessons again and again, such as during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, the Zhou Rong War even led to the defeat and demise of the Zhou Dynasty.
But at present, the western Rongdi is divided into different tribes, the greater influence on Chinese history is the Yiqu Rongdi, the history books call the Yiqu Rongdi in the narrow sense of labor Rongdi, Yiqu Rongdi we will not mention in the following for the time being, especially at this time, and then talk about the modern Rongdi, that is, the Rongdi of the Zhou Dynasty.
Jiang Ziya was called Zhou Tianzi, Jiang Ziya suggested that the Rong people unite, so during the period of King Wen of Zhou, Jiang Taigong asked the general Nangong Shi to lead the Rong people from the Central Plains, with other attributes such as beauty, bronze, and wine, to the Central Plains.
This movement created two warring tribes, who temporarily suppressed the contradictions and began to enter into a rare one"Honeymoon phase", marking a leap in the history of civilization in the Central Plains.
Many people may say that we should not blindly please the Rong people and then exploit them. They should be allowed to take a step back, even if they are not exploited, at least they should not stab themselves in the back when they build up an army to resist business. If the original intention was so clear, why should it contribute to the development of history just because the Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty?
Things are not so simple, Jiang Taigong asked Nangong Xi to bring things to the Rong people, not only to win the favor of the Rong people, but also to buy chariots from the Rong people.
Historian Jonathan Hsu writes in his book The River of Years:
The introduction of bronze chariots and horse-drawn carriages has brought very significant and far-reaching changes to the cultural environment of China, among which the introduction of bronze chariots has been more documented, and the origin of horse-drawn carriages in China has not yet been discovered in archaeology, but the knowledge of these two important inventions is likely to have been introduced to China at the same time, or indirectly through the steppe communication lines of Central Asia and Inner Asia.
Based on this statement, we can conclude that Mr. Xu believes that the chariot came indirectly from the West, and that the West is identified as the Rong in the Book of Rites - The Imperial System. Coupled with the fact that King Wen of Zhou followed Jiang Ziya's advice and went to the Rong people to obtain chariots, we can conclude that the Rong people made chariots earlier than the Zhou people.
According to historical records, Nangong Shi was also the first envoy of the Rong people in the Central Plains, and he completed his mission and introduced the Rong chariot into the Zhou Department, which played a positive role in the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty's regime.
Speaking of which, it is necessary for us to pay attention to why the Rong people made chariots before the Zhou people, which was not synonymous with development at that time, and why we still took technology from the Rong people, which is actually just our prejudice against history.
At that time, the Rong people lived in the Liupan Mountain area of present-day Ningxia, where timber was abundant. The progress of human society is actually an increase in the ability to transform nature, and the Rong people, who live on wood, are of course no exception, so they make good use of wood to build houses and vehicles.
This is still the case today, just as the people in the Central Plains are better at farming, which shows that people in different regions have developed practical methods to adapt to the characteristics of local natural conditions, and this is still the case today, just as people in the south grow rice and people in the north grow wheat.
The reclamation of the Rong and Zhou dynasties brought great changes to the two tribes, the Rong people had a relatively stable development, and the Zhou dynasty became increasingly powerful, but the two would not be a lifelong intimate handshake and peace, and when there was a conflict of interest, then the inevitable choice was to turn the other cheek.
As we said at the beginning, during the period of King You of Zhou, Yin Rong, under the leadership and cooperation of Shenhou, entered Haojing, killed King You of Zhou, captured Baochuan Road, plundered the royal capital, and then left.
Country of origin. When it comes to Yiqu, many people will think of Yiqu in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period without thinking, but since then, the word Yiqu has never appeared. It is said that this is the earliest appearance in the history books"Easy"The word, also before the Western Zhou Dynasty, further confirms that the Rong people appeared very early in history. It is said to be"Yiqu"The earliest time when the term appeared in the history books was also before the Western Zhou Dynasty, which further confirms that the Rong people appeared very early in history.
But that's not the crux of the matter; The crux of the matter is that when the Indians withdrew from Hojing, although there are fewer historical records about them, they did not disappear, but broke away from the Zhou dynasty and established their own provincial state, the state of Yiqiu.
Since then, the dog Rong has officially changed its name and appeared on the stage of history, and soon after the establishment of the Yique State, it began to expand in all directions, and in the process of constantly expanding its territory, it achieved very remarkable results, since the most powerful Zhou Dynasty at that time had to move its capital, and other nomads were certainly not their opponents.
Around 650 B.C., the Greeks began to establish city-states whose rulers were directly elected by the people, perhaps the earliest dawn of democracy in human history, at a time when China had entered the Spring and Autumn Period of princely rivalry.
In Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the first major conflicts, and of course the conflict also bred hope, when the princes of the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley were divided, the Yiqiu State rose strongly on the Loess Plateau, completed the conquest of the surrounding small tribe Fang State, and finally attacked the Qin State.
Before the official annexation of the Yiqu State by the Qin State, the Yiqu State had always been a big problem for the Qin State, which actually made sense, because when King Zhou Ping moved east, he was a spur to the Western Regions, so King Zhou Ping did the Qin State a favor and gave the Qin State a blank check, allowing the Qin State to annex the Western Regions, and the Dog Rong tribe in the Western Regions was still very active at that time.
So Qin and Rong fought for a long time, after all, there is too much land, whoever has a hard fist will naturally have the right to speak, after Yin Rong established the Yiqu State, the national strength increased greatly, but the Qin State did not regard the Yiqu State as an opponent, because his eyes were only on the Central Plains.
Around 627 BC, the Jin State strongly blocked Qin's plan to advance eastward, but the Jin State did not expect that this blockade allowed Qin to find a strong direction, that is, to dominate Xirong, and Qin Mugong, with his comprehensive national strength, did indeed do this, and achieved brilliant results on the battlefield:"Thousands of miles away, then dominate Xirong"。The great achievements of the Qin State.
After Qin Mugong, the Qin state began to decline again, and the Xirong conquered by the Qin state also wanted to break away from the control of the Qin state. In particular, the Yiqiu State in Xirong refused to be pacified, but this uneasiness did not last long, and it was attacked by the Qin State again. In 352 BCE, civil strife broke out in the Yiqiu Kingdom, and the Qin State took the opportunity to send troops to severely damage the Yiqiu Kingdom. In 352 BC, civil strife broke out in the state of Yiqiu, and the state of Qin took the opportunity to send troops and dealt a heavy blow to Yiqiu.
Since then, Yiqiu's status has also begun to deteriorate, but unlike the Qin State, Yiqiu does not have a middle-aged monarch, while the Qin State has Qin Xiaogong.
But the story doesn't end there. Around 331 BCE, civil strife broke out again in Yiqu, and the Qin state once again took the opportunity to send troops to the hinterland of Yiqu and implement the county system, and Yiqu finally submitted to the Qin state.
However, King Yiqu did not forget to restore the kingdom. The king of Yiqu took advantage of the opportunity of the Shandong princes to join forces to attack Qin, and launched an attack on Qin, this war can be said to be in Yiqu sightseeing, which naturally angered Qin, when the Shandong princes retreated, he immediately sent troops to attack Yiqu Province, which was then occupied by Qin, with a total of 25 towns and villages.
However, the state of Yiqiu did not fall, and in 306 BC, the princes of Shandong re-established a military alliance and planned to work together against the Qin state. At this time, the Qin State, the internal worries that King Zhaoxiang was young, and the external troubles of the Shandong princes sharpened their knives, if Yiqu stabbed the Qin State in the back again, the Qin State would be in danger.
But King Qin Zhaoxiang was not intimidated, because he had a beautiful mother, the Empress Dowager Xuan, to whom the Yiqu Kingdom was completely handed over. Empress Dowager Xuan used her beauty to control King Yiqu to death, and finally because King Yiqu gave birth to two children for Empress Dowager Xuan, Empress Dowager Xuan captured and killed King Yiqu in Ganquan Palace. How did King Yiqu feel when he was captured and killed? We haven't gotten an answer yet.
After the death of King Yiqu, the Qin State sent troops to pacify the Zhongnan Mountain Tunnel and officially incorporated it into the jurisdiction of the Qin State, which is ridiculous to think about. What a group of people can't completely solve, the Empress Dowager Xuan uses this"Gentle"way solved, making it impossible to believe that it is impossible.
However, the Yiqu Rong people did not disappear after the fall of the Yiqu Kingdom, and traces of their existence can still be found in history. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name Yiqu Rong no longer appears in historical records for two reasons:
The first possibility is to mix with the Han Chinese or move into the Han and fully integrate. The second possibility is that the tribe changed its name and adopted a new name, which continued to exist in history, such as the Rong people continuing to retreat north and integrating into the Hu or Xiongnu. In any case, it is certain that before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Central Plains vassal states did not recognize the Rong people, so why was the once powerful Yin Rong (Yiqiu Rong) not incorporated into the vassal states of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? Read on.
Why not make handsome an accessory?
History always favors the strong, and those who correct it tend to be political pragmatists. Even Sima Qian, the author of the Records of the Historians, was not exempt from vulgarity, which was the main reason why he could not be included in the ranks of rulers
About land ownership. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states were established in"Central Plains", The land is owned by the Zhou royal family, and the fiefs of the vassal states are also shared by the Zhou royal family, only the right to use, no ownership, as the so-called: the world is not the king's land.
However, at the time of this"All over the world"It also refers to the hinterland of the Central Plains, and the area is still relatively small. Obviously, Yin Rongguo was not here at that time"All over the world"Among them, not in this one"All over the world", naturally, it will not be recognized by other vassal states.
About the vassals of the Zhou royal family. The orthodox vassal states of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were all subject states of the Zhou royal family, paying tribute to the royal family and defending the capital; Even if it is"Yin Shang nobles"The Song Kingdom, which was also a vassal state of the Zhou royal family, recognized each other as guests in the same vein as the Zhou Dynasty, albeit in a very special role.
Of course, the status of the Yin family cannot be compared with the Song family, in the eyes of the Zhou royal family, the Yin family is a foreign race, a foreign race that poses a huge threat, how can it be recognized as a prince, even if the Zhou royal family wants to recognize the Yin family, the Yin family may not agree, because once it is recognized, it will exist in name only and be subordinate to the Zhou regime.
About the way of life of the Indians. The Zhou Dynasty was the last slave society in Chinese history, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great upheaval when slavery was gradually abolished and agriculture became the main way of life in the interior of the Central Plains.
However, most of the Indian tribes at that time were still nomads, which shows that the living habits of the Indians were completely different from those of the Zhou people. Therefore, when they crossed the Hojing, they did not turn the Hojing into the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but retreated after plundering, because in the eyes of the Indians, the city was not a fortress, but a slave, so they did not pursue it"city"in the days of life. They don't aspire to live"cities"Middle.
To sum up, it is not difficult for us to conclude that it is indeed reasonable not to include the dog Rong who destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty and forced the Zhou Dynasty to move its capital among the princes, but due to the interaction of various factors, it is also reasonable to exclude the dog Rong from the circle of orthodox princes.
After the Qin State was incorporated into the Yiqu State, the Rong people began to gradually integrate into the Central Plains civilization circle, and after the brief integration of the Qin Dynasty and the gradual formation of national consciousness after the Han Dynasty, the Rong people finally gradually integrated into the Han nationality in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and became an important part of the Han nationality after hundreds of years of integration.
What are your thoughts on this?