60,000 border people fled to the Soviet Union, with the connivance of Hearst, and China unexpectedly profited.
In April 1962, the border was tense and 60,000 Chinese border residents flocked to the Soviet Union, making such a choice after the victorious counterattack against India and at a critical moment in China's revival.
Why, then, is it that at this time, the migration of Chinese citizens has made China a winner? During the Khrushchev period, the Soviet leaders had mixed thoughts about China's border people.
During Stalin's time, for the sake of political stability, he strictly controlled foreign personnel, even during the post-war reconstruction period. However, in the delicate turn of history, the exodus of China's border residents is not an easy task, and behind this lies the delicate balance between power games and international relations.
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** Accepted Khrushchev's plea for the repatriation of tens of thousands of Soviet compatriots who have settled in Xinjiang. Although they are close to the Soviet Union by blood, their emotions have taken root in this land of China after a hundred years of life, and their children and grandchildren have been deeply integrated into the embrace of China, becoming an indispensable link in Xinjiang's prosperous economic chain.
Out of the need for human resources for Khrushchev's reclamation plan, as well as the concerns of the Soviet urban youth about the frontier, ** in the spirit of humanitarianism, although this request was granted, the promise would be implemented in a long-term and gradual way, and actively mobilized the national forces to support the gradual return of the border people to their homeland and to the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev actively lobbied China to send a million laborers to support the Soviet Union's development program, but China politely declined the offer because of its own industrialization needs and concerns about bilateral relations.
Despite this, China sent 7,000 young farmers from Hebei to Siberia in 1955 to contribute, but this did not meet Khrushchev's expectations.
Under his push, the Soviet Union took steps to try to induce more Chinese to move to the Soviet Union through border activities. Towards the end of the War of Liberation, the Soviet Union helped expatriates of Russian descent with identification and naturalization procedures in Xinjiang, China.
In the early days of the People's Republic of China, we sincerely accepted and planned to repatriate about 60,000 compatriots with Soviet nationality. However, from 1954 onwards, thousands of people still chose to return to the Soviet Union every year, and by 1962 the number had exceeded the 100,000 mark.
Surprisingly, despite the fact that fertility is a factor, growth has not slowed down as a result of the ongoing exodus. Thus, in 1960, China began to go deeper, revealing the fact that the Soviet Union, with our tacit consent, orderly mobilized the people on the Chinese border to change their nationality.
Whenever the Chinese and Soviet forces helped to return home, the Soviet Union was active in the border cities, actively "recruiting" local residents.
In the middle of the last century, there was a series of turmoil in the Sino-Soviet border area, especially the controversial incident about the Soviet Union's attempt to mobilize Chinese people to move to the Soviet Union. ** The chairman was keenly aware of this problem and confronted Khrushchev with strong doubts.
Although Khrushchev initially admitted and promised to make amends, unfortunately, the reality did not turn out as expected. The Soviet border** continued to be agitated, and with the tension between the two countries, a crisis of large-scale population movement gradually emerged.
In the face of the escalating conflict, Khrushchev took radical measures, restarting the old radio station for Xinjiang, advocating Soviet life, and taking the opportunity of Sino-Indian friction to spread "war rumors", such as "Sino-Soviet war", "Sino-Indian conflict intensification", and "US invasion of Xinjiang".
These actions have caused panic among the border residents and seriously threatened China's territorial security.
At a critical moment of international tension, Khrushchev skillfully instigated a massive influx of Chinese border residents into the Soviet Union, which opened its ports and gave it full support, resulting in an influx of nearly 40,000 Chinese, half of whom were given official status and the other half were coerced in this large-scale operation.
Khrushchev's insistence on a thorough strategy prompted the Chinese diplomatic team to eagerly seek to re-establish order on the border. But for He, this demographic surge is exactly what he's targeting.
Khrushchev's Ita operation, which was essentially a large-scale migration of the population from the border areas of our country, was behind a well-designed strategy. Although some people realized their dream of going to the Soviet Union, Hearst did not properly deal with the follow-up reception issues.
As a result, most of them were sent to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the Sino-Soviet border, a move that undoubtedly had far-reaching consequences for China.
Although the Soviet Union was ahead of China's economic power, life there did not bring the desired improvement for refugees seeking a way out. Although the former Soviet republics in Central Asia seem to be superior to Xinjiang, their natural environment is comparable to that of Xinjiang, and the internal ethnic mix is complex.
Chinese refugees are often placed in remote areas that the locals do not want to accept, and suffer discrimination as if they were second-class residents. It is particularly distressing that the exodus of 1962 stemmed from the irrational panic of the Soviet Union, which caused many to flee in a hurry and families to be torn apart, and they were called "Lost Homes".
To assist these "semi-households", China has implemented domestic services such as farming, custodial and pastoral care to ensure that those who remain in their hometowns can sustain their livelihoods.
The Chinese border people sowed hope in the wasteland of the Soviet Union, but the memories of their homeland grew clearer day by day. After 1964, calls for a return to their homeland were high, and the Soviet Union took the opportunity to restore diplomatic relations.
However, the spate of incidents has led Chinese policymakers to question their sincerity and worry about potential espionage risks. As a result, after the Ita incident, China firmly chose the principle of "all returnees, and no return."
Although the cost is not small, this measure consolidates and strengthens the management of the Xinjiang region.
In the face of border changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union, some border residents in Xinjiang have become troubled in their lives and are eager to return to the embrace of the motherland. However, China** sticks to its principles and makes it clear that certain conditions must be met for the return.
This historical process is reflected in authoritative works such as The Historical Perspective of the Soviet Diaspora Problem in Xinjiang (1945-1965)."Ita Affair"The whole picture and its in-depth analysis", "The historical trajectory of the connection between the CCP and Soviet Russia, Xinjiang"Ita Affair"Historical Background**" in-depth analysis"Ita Affair"There are detailed records in "The Logic of Occurrence" and "Chen Xiliang: Historical Witness", which provide valuable information for interpreting this history.