Regarding the construction of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a very important mitigation, Ai Ke will share with you the construction standards of the CDC laboratory, because it must be in accordance with the relevant national laws, regulations and regulations, compatible with social and economic development, adhere to the principles of science, reasonableness, applicability, economy and green, starting from the needs of disease prevention and control in the region, correctly handle the relationship between the current situation and development, demand and possibility, and achieve appropriate scale, functional applicability, appropriate equipment, economic reasonableness, safety and health. Today, I will take you to understand the laboratory construction standards of the CDC.
The floor of the experimental room should be made of corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and easy-to-wash building materials. For clean experimental rooms, negative pressure state BSL 2 experimental rooms and above biosafety experimental rooms and other experimental rooms with specific requirements, the floor materials should not only meet the above general requirements, but also meet the requirements of overall seamlessness.
CDC Laboratory Construction Standards.
First, the site selection layout.
The site selection of the land for the construction of the CDC shall meet the following requirements:
1. The terrain is regular, and the engineering and hydrogeological conditions are good.
2. The surrounding cities have perfect infrastructure and convenient transportation.
3. Avoid drinking water source protection areas.
4. Keep away from the production and storage areas of flammable and explosive materials, high noise, strong vibration, strong electromagnetic field and other pollution sources.
Second, the scale of construction.
The experimental rooms of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention are divided into basic experimental rooms and special-purpose experimental rooms according to the requirements of functional division of labor, carrying out work, meeting functions, and completing tasks.
1. Basic experimental room.
It refers to the experimental room required for the corresponding functional division of labor and to meet the basic tasks that must be carried out, including the functional experimental room for various basic projects such as microorganisms and parasites, physical and chemical, toxicology, disinfection and vector biology, radiation, etc., which is the basis for the daily work of the CDC. The scale of its construction should be determined according to the principle of satisfying basic functions, completing basic disease prevention and control tasks, and taking into account future development.
2. Special purpose experimental room.
Refers to the laboratory set up according to the regional health development plan, the technical level of the unit and the actual work needs, with strong functional pertinence, higher conditions, more complex structure and larger investment, such as ** biosafety laboratory, four-level biosafety protection laboratory, dioxin laboratory, electron microscope laboratory, SPF laboratory animal room, plasma spectroscopy mass spectrometer testing room, etc., which is the center for disease control and prevention on the basis of satisfying the basic work, improving the level of work, solving deep-seated problems, Experimental rooms that need to be set up to strengthen the capacity to deal with public health emergencies. The scale of its construction should be determined according to the development plan of the health industry in the jurisdiction and the technical level of the unit.
3. Business space.
It refers to the work space required to carry out the business work specified in the "Functions of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at All Levels" of the Ministry of Health, except for the part of the experimental room. The scale of its construction should be determined according to the actual needs of completing basic business tasks.
4. Guaranteed housing.
It refers to the functional rooms that are indispensable for the normal work of the centers for disease control and prevention at all levels and play an auxiliary and supporting role in disease prevention and control, including experimental supplies warehouse, general chemical reagent warehouse, toxic goods warehouse (highly toxic warehouse), flammable and explosive goods warehouse, corrosive goods warehouse, emergency material storage warehouse, cold storage, central station, sewage treatment facilities, power distribution room, pump room, garage, fire protection facilities and other building facilities. The scale of its construction should be determined according to the functional units necessary to complete the basic tasks and ensure the normal operation of the health and disease prevention mechanism.
5. Administrative room.
Including the leadership office, the central office, the party committee office, the office of the Commission for Discipline Inspection, the personnel department, the finance department, the archives, the trade union, fire security, logistics management department, security department and other functional rooms. The scale of construction shall be determined with reference to the national standards for the construction of office buildings for party and government organs.
3. Construction standards.
1. The architectural design of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention should be coordinated with the surrounding environment as much as possible in accordance with the principles of scientific reasonableness, safety and health, and economic applicability under the requirements of manufacturability and functional characteristics.
2. In the process of various experiments of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, various toxic, corrosive, odorous, flammable and explosive gases are often produced. These harmful gases need to be discharged outdoors in time to avoid indoor pollution, ensure the health and safety of experimenters, and prolong the service life of instruments and equipment. Therefore, the ventilation of the laboratory room is an indispensable and important part of the laboratory construction.
Natural ventilation is an important way of comprehensive ventilation in the experimental room, and natural ventilation mainly relies on opening doors and windows. Therefore, the building with experimental room should not use glass curtain wall, and should adopt the form of window wall. When designing buildings, we should try to expand the exterior windows and their openable area. Natural lighting is very important for the laboratory room, it is not only conducive to the visual judgment of the experimenter, but also allows natural daylight to enter the laboratory room will improve the image and quality of each space.
The orientation of the experimental building should ensure that the room has good natural ventilation and natural lighting. Buildings with more instruments and equipment should be avoided from the west. The orientation of the laboratory building should be determined according to the wind pressure effect of the dominant wind direction in summer on the laboratory to form a hall or increase natural ventilation. The windward side of the experimental building should be at an angle of 60° to 90° with the prevailing wind direction in summer, and the minimum angle should not be less than 45°.
The use of natural ventilation and lighting eliminates the need for perennial artificial ventilation or the creation of perennial artificial climate and artificial lighting for the whole building, which not only saves construction investment, reduces operation and maintenance costs, but also makes safety, reliability and comfort more guaranteed.
CDC Laboratory Construction Standards.
Mechanical ventilation is an indispensable and important ventilation method for experimental buildings, such as:
Many experimental rooms need to have clean, negative pressure, constant temperature and humidity environmental conditions, and air conditioning systems need to be installed;
The toxic and harmful gases produced in the process of the experiment need to be captured and eliminated through the local exhaust hood. Therefore, the building form should be convenient for mechanical ventilation measures.
In accordance with the principles of meeting process requirements, saving investment and reducing energy consumption, this article stipulates the design requirements for ventilation and lighting of experimental buildings.
3. The characteristics of the CDC laboratory are that the experimental content is extensive, the requirements are different, and its size, shape and indoor environmental indicators are mostly different, and should be built according to the object, content and requirements of the experiment. The experimental room is an important part of the experimental process, which has the characteristics of pertinence and diversity. Some need buildings to provide large space to form open laboratories, such as many chemical laboratories, because they have more commonalities and require a larger working surface, so it is often hoped to build a large space working platform in order to cooperate with each other and improve work efficiency; Some need to divide multiple areas according to the specific requirements of the experiment in a larger space to form a combined laboratory. Such as:
The combined form PCR laboratory (gene amplification laboratory) should be set up with five (or four or three) isolated working areas according to specific professional requirements, namely reagent storage and preparation area, sample crushing area (set up as needed), sample preparation area, amplification reaction mixture preparation and amplification area, and product analysis area; When fluorescent PCR is employed, the amplification region and the product analysis region can be combined into a single region. In order to reduce the amount of air exchange between different work areas, buffer rooms should be set up at the entrances and exits of each work area, and when building conditions permit, internal special corridors can be set up to form a directional **, logistics and experimental process. At the same time, there are also specific requirements for the indoor environment, and it is necessary to set up a ventilation system to form a directional airflow package protection zone to avoid mutual interference between various experimental areas.
The HIV serology laboratory, according to professional requirements, should be set up in three areas: clean area, semi-contaminated area and contaminated area, and a serum bank can also be set up as needed. The overall layout should meet the requirements of reasonable process flow, biosecurity, and logistics.
Therefore, the experimental room has the following two characteristics: first, there is no concept of "standard floor" or "standard room" that is customary in general civil buildings; Second, it is necessary for the building to provide a large area of open space and a certain floor height to facilitate the layout and construction of various types of laboratories. In view of the above characteristics, it is advisable to adopt frame (shear) or steel structure for the laboratory room, so as to eliminate the space restriction of the load-bearing wall in the mixed structure, and facilitate the flexible setting of the laboratory in new construction, reconstruction and expansion.
3. According to the current national standard "Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings" GB50016, "Code for Fire Protection Design of Building Interior Decoration" GB50222 and other relevant fire protection requirements for building design, the principles of building fire protection design of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention are stipulated.
The fire resistance level of the building with the experimental room shall not be lower than the second grade, and the setting of fire protection facilities shall comply with the provisions of the relevant national fire protection codes for building design.
Reasonable gas fire extinguishing devices should be used for large-scale valuable instrument laboratories and laboratories that will seriously endanger the environment or seriously endanger human health after passing through water. Gas fire extinguishing devices suitable for laboratories usually include automatic gas extinguishing devices and manual fire extinguishers. When using automatic gas fire extinguishing devices, manual control switches should be set up indoors and outdoors, and manual direct control devices should also be set up in the fire duty room.
4. In order to reasonably organize the logistics and avoid cross-contamination, the internal layout of the experimental room should meet the following requirements:
The experimental area is isolated from the non-experimental area;
Personnel enter and exit the experimental area after changing clothes in the locker room;
Items, especially large instruments and equipment, can be directly entered and exited from the experimental area after reaching the floor through vertical passages.
5. The vertical layout of the CDC in the building should be determined according to the toxicity, irritation and smell of the exhaust gas emitted by various types of buildings, as well as the amount of the engineering pipe network, and consider the reasonable logistics organization and work process.
When experimental, business, security and administrative and other functional rooms are concentrated in one building, it is advisable to place the experimental room in the top part of the building, clarify the functional partition, ensure that the experimental room is an independent area, and deal with the traffic relationship, establish a sound management mechanism, and avoid the mixing of different types of logistics and logistics. The vertical layout of the rest of the buildings should be arranged downward according to the business, administrative and security rooms.
When all kinds of experimental rooms are concentrated in one building, due to the large amount and intensity of odorous gases emitted by the toxicology laboratory (including animal storage), the large amount of engineering pipe network, and the complex layout, the toxicology laboratory should be set up at the top; The physical and chemical laboratory emits a large amount of chemical gas and a large amount of engineering pipe network, so the physical and chemical laboratory should be set up in the upper part of the building; The amount of ventilation facilities required for the microbiology laboratory is relatively small, and at the same time, the sewage containing pathogenic microorganisms in the laboratory should be collected and disinfected before discharge, so the microbiology laboratory should be set up below the toxicology, physical and chemical laboratory.
The layout of the experimental room between floors should be grouped together and set up in layers according to category units. For laboratories that are prone to cross-interference and difficult to effectively isolate, they should not be mixed on the same floor.
6. The elevator of the experimental building can be divided into two categories according to the use: passenger elevator and freight elevator; According to the professional cleaning requirements, it can be divided into two categories: cleaning ladder and dirt ladder.
The vertical transportation of the experimental room, while meeting the needs of the first floor, should also meet the needs of logistics, including the transportation of samples, reagents, utensils, instruments and equipment, so the experimental room should be equipped with an elevator, and the experimental room located on the fourth floor and above should be equipped with an elevator. Whether it is a high-rise or a multi-storey building, there should be at least one freight elevator or at least one passenger elevator that can double as a freight elevator when determining the elevator, so as to facilitate the vertical transportation of experimental supplies, especially large instruments and equipment. If conditions permit, it is advisable to set up a separate dirt ladder.
The location of the passenger elevator (cleaning elevator) should be located in the area with conspicuous vision and convenient transportation at the main entrance of the building; Freight elevators are generally adjacent to passenger elevators, which can reduce costs and improve efficiency, but can also be set up independently in other areas of the building according to special needs, avoiding the main routes, usually at the other end of the building. In this case, freight elevators are often used more as dirt ladders. Stand-alone freight or dirt ladders can be managed via an access control system for the transport of equipment, materials, samples and other supplies, and for easy enclosed cleaning and disinfection.
In addition to the conventional functions, the freight elevator or passenger and freight elevator should also be equipped with the functions of running straight and stopping to change. Its function is to ensure that when transporting items, especially experimental samples and wastes containing pathogenic microorganisms, it can directly reach the destination floor without being summoned by other floors outside the ladder and changing the wrong floor button in the elevator.
7. The partition wall in the laboratory should give priority to the new lightweight materials with good thickness book, good thermal insulation and convenient construction, and meet the requirements of firmness, heat preservation, fire prevention and smooth and smooth surface, which has a significant role in reasonable layout, expanding the use area, improving the construction grade and showing a good image, and more importantly, it has good flexibility for future reconstruction and expansion.
For laboratory rooms without specific requirements, the internal partition walls should have good visibility, which is significant:
Improve security. Because the laboratory structure is often more complex and the staff is smaller, improving the visibility of the laboratory is conducive to the timely detection of accidents in the experimental process;
Brightness is increased and the sense of openness is enhanced. Since there are many partition walls in the laboratory, the degree of blocking of light is heavy, so improving the visibility of the laboratory is conducive to ensuring the brightness of the entire experimental area, including the corridor, and enhancing the sense of openness.
When the experimental room is separated by glass, a solid wall of not less than 1m should be used above the ground to place the experimental side table equipped with a power socket and withstand the impact of objects such as carts to improve safety. On both sides of the corridor, the proportion of transparent area can be maximized if possible. Mediastinal walls should not be completely glazed partitions. Full and effective use of space is one of the important concepts of modern experimental room design, improving the storage capacity of unit space is very necessary in most experimental rooms, setting up a bracket above the experimental table or installing a wall cabinet on the wall is a simple and beautiful and practical way that is widely adopted, therefore, according to the specific situation, the solid wall instead of the glass partition in the place where it is needed to strive for space, store or shelve the experimental items. When the mediastinal wall is partitioned with glass, there should be no less than 1The 5m wide solid wall is suitable for placing tall objects such as refrigerators, utensils cabinets, and data cabinets.
In addition to meeting the requirements of no dust, no dust accumulation and low adsorption, the materials and structures of the ceiling and wall of the experimental room should also meet the requirements of chemical corrosion resistance, waterproof and easy cleaning of disinfectants.
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