Why did Li Ling surrender to the Xiongnu and vow not to return to Han, was it really because his fam

Li Ling. As a hero, he went out alone and achieved a proud record of 5,000 infantry resisting 80,000 Hun cavalry and killing and wounding more than 10,000 enemy troops!

As a traitor, he was defeated and captured and surrendered to the Huns, and finally let the Han envoys persuade him in every possible way until he died, leaving a stain in history!

Those who supported him said that he fought alone, 5,000 enemies and 80,000 Hun cavalry killed and wounded a lot, and as for the final surrender of the Huns after running out of ammunition and food, he was forced to helplessly, Li Ling still cherished the Han family. Until his death, he did not give advice for the Xiongnu to attack Han.

The people who scolded him said that he surrendered to a foreign race, and after that, the envoys of the Han Dynasty persuaded him to return to China several times but was refused, and he was willing to be a traitor so that he finally died of old age in the Xiongnu. By the way, he also cheated his old friend Sima Qian, and almost made the history of Chinese literature lose that glorious masterpiece - Historical Records!

Although the world's views on Li Ling are mixed, there is still a consensus on the cause of his surrender to the Xiongnu, that is, the army went out of the fortress alone, and there was no reinforcement to rescue, resulting in defeat. After that, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty listened to Gongsun Ao's words, mistakenly believed that Li Ling had surrendered to the Xiongnu, and killed his family to force him to surrender to the Xiongnu completely.

But judging from the causes and consequences of the whole thing, it seems that the Li Ling incident is not so simple. As a generation of generals, Li Ling's family is well-known in the military circles of the Western Han Dynasty, and has been fighting against the Xiongnu in the border area since his grandfather Li Guang. Such a man with a glorious background was defeated in battle, and when he retreated, there was not a single rescue soldier to come to the rescue. This is not normal!

And at the beginning of his surrender, the one-sided shouting and killing voices in the court were eager to put him to death! Only Sima Qian interceded for him alone! Previously, some generals were captured by the Xiongnu, but in the end some escaped. The Han Dynasty was also not to blame in the past and continued to let its troops lead the army. Why is it an exception here when you come to Li Ling?

Why is that?

The tragedy of Li Ling has also left countless speculations and controversies in history, after all, most people have a hero complex in their hearts, and 5,000 enemies and 80,000 are not something that ordinary people can command.

When he was young, Li Ling seemed to be born specifically for war and adventure, fortunately he also caught up with an era where he could display his talents, the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu were in full swing, and the East Asian heroes officially resisted! Soon after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, a large-scale counterattack against the Xiongnu began in the border areas.

At the beginning, Li Ling served as a guard beside Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he was skilled in bowing and horses, and he was quite benevolent to his soldiers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was also discerning and talented, knowing that Li Ling was born in the general and had extraordinary martial arts. He gave him 800 cavalry and sent him to the border for training.

In the border areas, Li Ling's adventurous and daring style was revealed. He often led troops deep into the territory of the Xiongnu, and fought dozens of battles. The farthest one penetrated more than 1,000 miles into the territory of the Xiongnu, and for a time it was spread as a good story in the territory of the Han Dynasty. Because of these achievements, Li Ling was soon promoted to the rank of cavalry captain in command of 5,000 horses. It is stationed in the Jiuquan area of Gansu Province.

In the second year of the Tianhan Dynasty (99 BC), Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, led 30,000 cavalry on an expedition to the Zuoxian King of the Tianshan Mountains to stabilize the rule of the Western Han Dynasty in the Western Regions. Due to the long distance, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty let 5,000 men and horses of Li Ling's department be the baggage troops of Li Guangli's department.

In the Han Dynasty, the people who transported the baggage were requisitioned and issued, and the Li Ling Department actually did a good job of guarding the baggage, so as not to let the Hun cavalry who came and went like the wind to defeat the baggage.

It stands to reason that this is a beautiful difference in ancient wars, and there is no need to go forward to fight hard, and the aftermath of the war must be indispensable. But Li Ling didn't think so, how boring the guard logistics were! Ye has his own halo, and he was born to sing the leading role.

So he found Emperor Wu of Han and said:"The 5,000 people led by the minister are all good dolls, swordsmen, archers, and warriors. It's used to fight the Huns, what a pity to guard the baggage! I am willing to lead them alone as an army to attack the Huns.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very hesitant at first, because there were no extra war horses allocated to Li Lingbu.

It is important to show determination to the leader and make a gesture, but learn to stop at the moment. What if the goal is too big to achieve?

At this time, Li Ling, who didn't think much about it, said a sentence:"Riding with nothing to do, the minister is willing to strike the crowd with less. 5,000 infantry are involved in the court! "This sentence set the tone for his action this time, keep fighting, I want to fight until Shan Yu Wang Court. The key is that your 5,000 infantry can fight Shan Yu Wangting on foot? Have you achieved this goal?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very happy when he heard it, he was originally a character who was very happy. praised Li Ling on the spot, and asked Du Wei Lu Bode to lead his troops as a backup to pick up Li Ling in the middle of the road.

Lu Bode is an old comrade, who has been fighting for horses in the south and north all his life, and when he hears that 5,000 infantry are fighting cavalry, he still has to go straight to the court? I feel a little unreliable in my heart. He tactfully proposed like Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty:"Fang Qiu Xiongnu horse fat, can not fight, the minister is willing to stay in the tomb to the spring, will Jiuquan, Zhangye each 5,000 people and hit the east and west, but the birds also.

This suggestion is that after the spring flowers bloom, the horses of the Huns will be thin and have poor mobility. At this time, the two of them fought the Huns together, and naturally their chances of winning greatly increased.

Old comrade"The vision is naturally extraordinary, and this advice is really pertinent! Otherwise, why ginger is still old and spicy, people have eaten more salt than you have eaten!

But at this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who had already been beaten by Li Ling, did not think so. He thought about it: Okay, you Li Ling, you said it well to your face, and you regretted it as soon as you turned around? Flickering"Old comrade"The book objected, and the two were playing double reeds in each other. Or is it that this side is arrogantly saying that it will break 50,000 to 100,000, and that side is saying that it will wait until next spring?

So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reprimanded Lu Bode and asked Lu Bode to guard Xihe County. Then he asked Li Ling to draw a map of the marching route and send it to himself. This is a disguised warning and urging Li Ling, don't forget what you said in front of me!

At this time, Li Ling not only had a bad impression in the heart of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but also offended the main general of his original reinforcement receiving troops, and the promised reinforcements were gone.

And offended"Old comrade", which is equivalent to offending a large number of people. People have been fighting in the border area for so many years, how many border county generals and soldiers are old comrades-in-arms and old subordinates? Your Li family is also very majestic on the border, but the key is that your grandfather and father died early, and how many of the border county guards are familiar with you now? Can you count on the critical moment?

So think about what to say before you talk to your superiors. Big words can be blown, but after blowing out, you must be able to round the field. Once the cowhide is blown, it will be difficult to do it if the superior believes it and sends you to complete it alone!

And history is often the same, with similar people and events reacting over and over again. About 1,700 years later, the same general also made a bold statement to the monarch: "Restore Liao in five years!" The result was also quite miserable, he was finally killed by Ling Chi! This person's name is Yuan Chonghuan.

So Li Ling led his 5,000 disciples north out of Juyan and began to advance to the court of Shan Yu.

The army left Juyan and marched to Junji Mountain, but did not meet the Hun cavalry along the way. Li Ling drew a geographical map of mountains and rivers along the way, and sent his troops to return Chen Bule to Beijing and hand it over to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Then Li Lingjun's good luck ended here! He met the 30,000 cavalry led by the Xiongnu Shan Yu, and the two sides fought a bloody battle.

All in all, Li Ling's talent in military affairs is still remarkable, especially in military training, there are indeed a few brushes, and 5,000 people have been trained great! In addition, at that time, the army was equipped with a strategic ** - a strong crossbow. Therefore, as soon as he saw the face, he beat Shan Yu's 30,000 cavalry to death, and he couldn't stop! Seeing that the situation was not right, Shan Yu decided to increase his troops, and this is the advantage of fighting on the ground, and he can call for reinforcements at any time. If I can't win a heads-up fight, I'll fight in groups.

Han Dynasty crossbowman.

So the Huns became more and more horses, and finally gathered a total of 80,000 cavalry to encircle Li Ling. The Huns increased their troops, and Li Ling was not stupid. As soon as he saw that this posture was not right, he withdrew while fighting, and at the same time estimated that he was also sending someone to report to Biansai.

Li Ling fought and retreated, and finally killed and wounded more than 10,000 Huns. It was already about to retreat to the area of the Hungarian and Han border areas, but at this time, not only did the rescue troops not arrive, but there were not many crossbow arrows in the army. The infantry of the Han Dynasty fought cavalry, relying on bows and crossbows. This thing has a long range and is easy to use, and it is a necessary artifact for traveling in the Han Dynasty.

On the Hun side, Shan Yu was also a little unbearable, these people were too capable of fighting, 5,000 to 80,000. I can't take advantage of it. Shan Yu was afraid that the Han army's border garrison would reinforce and attack, so he made dumplings for the army. So Shan Yu hesitated whether to withdraw the army. This is where the twist comes in. A traitor appeared in the Han army and provided an important message to the Xiongnu Shan Yu. Li Ling's army was running out of arrows, so he made a quick decision after hearing about it and continued to attack.

Li Ling was already in despair, the Xiongnu continued to attack, and the border reinforcements were slow to respond. At a critical moment, the Han army fired 500,000 crossbow arrows in one day. The last arrow was gone.

Li Ling decided to break out of the encirclement with the whole army. It is described in the Book of Han:

Ling sighed and said:"I don't die, not a strong man. Dozens of arrows are recovered, which is enough to get rid of it. Now there are no soldiers to resume the war, and all the birds and beasts are scattered, and there are still those who have to return to the Son of Heaven. "

Throughout Li Ling's out-of-the-fort operation, Li Ling's command from beginning to end was remarkable. 5,000 enemies and 80,000 enemies, and they can also kill and wound more than 10,000 people. This record is very good, if it weren't for the strategic **-the arrows of the bow and crossbow were gone, maybe they could safely retreat to the border of the Han Dynasty.

But here's the problem, it's not far from the border, and the local defenders in the Hexi area haven't sent anyone to answer, or send supplies or anything. For example, the arrows that Li Lingjun urgently needed?

Each county in the Han Dynasty had its own county soldiers, especially the border fortresses, and the defenders were more and more capable of fighting. 80,000 people on the border are fighting in full swing, and they will not be unaware. Li Ling's army is more than 100 miles away from the border county, and the cavalry can arrive in one day, and the infantry can arrive in two days if the infantry is slower!

In the end, it wasn't that even the Xiongnu didn't want to fight, because they were afraid that the border soldiers of the Han Dynasty would arrive and make dumplings for the main force of the Huns! If it weren't for Li Lingjun's traitor, it would have been revealed that Li Ling would have no arrows. Maybe the Huns have already withdrawn their troops.

But the key is that there is no one to answer, and everyone is pretending to be deaf and dumb. Li Ling Li Dashuai, look at your emotional intelligence, you usually don't pay attention to it, what kind of offended others? Watching you fight alone, everyone sits in the castle and watches the play with melon seeds?

If you don't talk about this person, poor emotional intelligence is a bad career? Sometimes what you say and do is good, but it becomes malicious in the eyes of others. Over time, you become a lone soldier, with no reinforcements and no helpers. I also hope that there is no stone in the back.

In addition, you "offended" the old comrades before you got out of the plug, but they have also been in the border plug for many years. Say a few words casually, this young man still needs more experience, let him suffer, and it will be good for his growth! Do you say that the soldiers of the border will come out after hearing this?

After Li Ling's defeat, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned the news, and at first Emperor Wu thought that Li Ling had died in battle. But then the defenders of Biansai reported that Li Ling was still alive and had surrendered to the Xiongnu Shan Yu.

This made Emperor Wu of Han very angry, a feeling of being deceived. I didn't expect you, a thick-eyed and big-eyed person, to rebel, and I thought you were killed in battle! At this time, the ministers of the court and the central government were accusing Li Ling, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Sima Qian: Zichang, what do you think!

Sima Qian and Li Ling had a good relationship, and Sima Qian tried to exonerate Li Ling, to the effect that Li Ling had a reason for the incident, and asked His Majesty to suspend the crime, maybe Li Ling would come back.

"The mausoleum is dedicated to filial piety, and the scholars believe in it, and often strive to die for the country's urgency. It has the wind of a countryman. And the Lingti infantry is less than 5,000, deep in the land of horses, suppressing tens of thousands of divisions, captives to save the dead and help the wounded, and the people who lead the bow to attack together. Today's move is unfortunate, and the minister who protects his wife with his whole body will be short, and it will be painful! Surround it. Turning thousands of miles, the arrow is exhausted, the soldier opens his empty fist, riskes the white blade, fights for the enemy in the north, and wins the death force of people, although the ancient famous generals are not. Although he was defeated, the defeat he was also violent enough to be violent in the world. He is immortal, and he should be able to repay the Han as well. "

Sima Qian's stills.

Emperor Wu of Han is unhappy, you still dare to intercede for a traitor. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was angry, ordered Sima Qian to be put in prison and executed him.

It wasn't until a long time later that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty lost his anger and thought that Li Ling's lone army had gone deep and had not received reinforcements, so he was defeated and surrendered. He regretted it a little, so he sent the general Gongsun Ao to lead his troops deep into the territory of the Xiongnu to pick up Li Ling.

Emperor Wu's intentions were good, and he wanted to take Li Ling back to the Han Dynasty. But the wrong person was chosen. After Gongsun Ao led his troops to the territory of the Xiongnu for a few days, he came back and told Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: I caught the Hun soldiers and asked, Li Ling, this kid doesn't want to come back! He's helping the Huns train their troops to deal with us, so we can't get him.

Look at what this said, it's seamless! First I went, and I took prisoners. Everyone confessed 1510, Li Ling really rebelled! But the question is, what big news can a small soldier know? Everyone who adjudicates the case knows that the confession is not important, but the physical evidence is important! You just grab someone and ask, and you conclude that Li Ling has rebelled? Physical evidence in**?

The ancients said:Human affection is like a thin piece of paper, and the world is like a new chess game! I usually don't know the world, and I don't know how to get along with my colleagues. At the critical moment, no one will come out to administer justice for you, but you will fall into the ground!

Li Ling is like this, after being captured and surrendering, the ministers shouted and shouted to kill, and finally Gongsun Ao came with a fatal blow.

After hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the three clans of Li Jiayi to be completely cut off from Li Ling's way back to Han. Soon after, an envoy from the Han Dynasty sent an envoy to the Xiongnu, and Li Ling asked the envoy Xingshi for guilt"I am a Han general with 5,000 foot soldiers rampaging the Huns, defeated by the dead, why lose to the Han and punish my family?

In his opinion, his surrender was a last resort. No reinforcements arrived. But he forgot that it was you who insisted on leading the lone army out of the jam at the beginning! You are the one who has not been heard from for a long time after surrendering!

The messenger explained: ".Your Majesty heard that you are training soldiers and horses for the Xiongnu and preparing to attack the Han Dynasty!

Only then did Li Ling understand the reason, and he said:"That's not me at all, I've been looking for a chance to come back! That's Li Xu! "Li Xu was also the commander of the Han Dynasty, and later surrendered to the Xiongnu on his own initiative.

Soon after, Li Ling looked for an opportunity to assassinate Li Xu, which could be regarded as revenge. But at this time, he finally understood that he would never be able to return to the Han Dynasty, after all, his family had all been killed, and the Li clan regarded him as a shame when they heard that he had surrendered. He was so disheartened that he stayed in the Xiongnu, but he never contributed to the Xiongnu to attack the Han Dynasty.

But heroes are still respected, even enemies! Xiongnu Shan Yu valued Li Ling very much, married his daughter to him, and made him the king of the right school. Take your own people.

After that, Emperor Wu of Han died and was succeeded by Emperor Zhao of Han. Huo Guang served as an auxiliary minister, and Huo Guang was also one of Li Ling's friends. Huo Guang sent Li Ling's former friend Ren Lizheng and others to the Xiongnu to recruit Li Ling to return to Han. Ren Lizheng worked hard to persuade Li Ling to return to Han, but at this time, Li Ling was already disheartened, and he was worried that he would be humiliated after he returned. Hence the said:"The big husband cannot be capricious and be disgraced again.

A few years later, before Su Wu returned to China, Li Ling met with Su Wu and arranged a banquet to celebrate him. During the banquet, Li Ling sighed:"You are now back in the Han Dynasty, and your reputation is famous and famous! And I became a great disgrace to the world, I still amAgainWhat do you care? Forget it, let you know my heart! I have become a foreigner, and this parting will be forever separated!

Then he burst into tears and sang:"The path is thousands of miles away from the sand curtain, and the Huns are fighting for the king. The road is desperate and devastated, and the soldiers are ruined. The old mother is dead, although she wants to repay the kindness, she will return in peace! "Then say goodbye to Su Wu!

Li Ling then lived in Junji Mountain (now Abakan, Russia), where he died of illness more than ten years later, and was buried in his last glorious place, which is also the place where the tragedy of the second half of his life began! Perhaps he was still resentful of Emperor Wu of Han for arbitrarily killing his family, and resentful of the courtiers' fall! forced him to live in a foreign land.

But can the Li Ling incident really be blamed on Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for killing the Li family? After all, where is the position of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, what he does must be from the overall point of view, from the perspective of the interests of the Han Dynasty!

Emperor. I heard that Li Ling did surrender to the Xiongnu, and was training troops for the Xiongnu, what do you make Emperor Wu of Han think and do? I can't give you a pennant commendation, right? After that, once the battle is unfavorable, they will surrender to the Huns, how can this war be fought? There must be a way to deal with it. If you want to blame, you can only blame Li Ling for not being tactful enough, young and vigorous to offend people without knowing it. Once something happens, everyone rushes to move stones to fall into the well, and not many people come out to speak. The only Sima Qian, the weight is not enough!

In fact, the three generations of the Li family's father and son have this similar character defect, which may be the genetic gene of this heroic family.

Grandpa Li Guang bravely conquered the world, and in the end, because he got lost after getting out of the jam, he complained in front of the coach Wei Qing, and finally pulled out his sword angrily and killed himself! Stay"Li Guang is difficult to sealSigh of eternity!

Li Ling's father, Li Danghu, scolded Han Yan in person because he couldn't get used to seeing Han Yan, the male favorite of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, acting rudely to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty played with Brokeback Mountain, what happened to Guan Qing? Fortunately, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was generous and did not pursue the matter. just changed Li Danghu to the border county to continue to be an official, but he still died at a young age, leaving Li Ling as a posthumous son.

Above history, between courts. Bright guns and dark arrows, swords and swords. Kill people everywhere without seeing blood! You can only be careful step by step and make good friends. Any Meng Lang's actions and not knowing how to advance or retreat may have missed Qingqing's life. Besides, Li Ling is not emotionally intelligent enough, and he is not tactful enough!

It's in real life, we're in the workplace. I often encounter such a scene: I am obviously capable, but I can't behave in the world. Contribute to the company. In the end, he was not favored by the leader, and the relationship with his colleagues was very stiff. Once something happens to the company, the first unlucky person must be him.

In the end, Li Ling was sad that his family was killed for no reason, but the most important thing is that he did not dare to return to the Han Dynasty. Because after he came back, although there was no danger for the time being under the protection of Huo Guang and others, after a long time, it was inevitable that people who had offended in the past would come to revisit the old things and ask the teacher for their crimes. With Li Ling's character, are you willing to suffer this humiliation?

Therefore, the reason why Li Ling did not return to the Han Dynasty and ended up in a foreign land. It's really an unspeakable hardship!

**10,000 Fans Incentive Plan