In recent years, due to the birth of the Internet, more and more incidents of "capricious power" have been exposed, and some people say that it is now back to the era of "governing the country with power". Because in human history, there have been three stages of social governance, namely "governing the country by virtue", "governing the country by power" and "ruling the country by law". During the Yao, Shun and Yu periods, the sages "ruled the country by virtue", and after that, with the establishment of the dynasty, the era of "governing the country with power" began. However, under the influence of Confucianism, at the beginning of the establishment of various dynasties, most of them implemented the combination of "governing the country with power" and "governing the country with virtue". After modern times, China gradually integrated with Western society and began the model of "ruling the country by law", but due to the long and far-reaching era of "governing the country by power", the process of "governing the country according to law" was tortuous.
As a matter of fact, whether "ruling the country by virtue" or "ruling the country by power" is nothing more than the result of the dictatorship or centralization of power by a small number of people. All countries in the world have gone through these two stages, and this stage in our country is particularly long, counting from the era of the state at the end of the primitive society, it has gone through about four or five thousand years, and the feudal imperial society alone has more than two thousand years.
In the era of "ruling the country with power", the monarch or emperor is the highest centralized person of all ruling classes, under this kind of society, power presents a pyramid structure, it is a relatively mature way of governing the country, and the reason for the frequent change of dynasties is mainly caused by human nature. "Governing the country by power" originates from the social attributes of human beings, but it is contrary to the natural attributes of human beings in pursuit of freedom, and this contradiction is always repeated in history. In order to completely solve this profound social contradiction, in Yan'an, Mr. Li Dingming, a person outside the party, once asked how the Communist Party could jump out of the circle of history after it came to power, and the great man answered Mr. Li Dingming's historical question with "people's democracy".
"People's democracy" is undoubtedly the most advanced social and political form of human society. It uses the power of the majority, supervises the responsibilities of the minority, and unifies the power and responsibility of society, which conforms to the essence of dialectics. First, from the perspective of the main body of the people, the people and groups in different periods are different; However, no matter what period it is, the main body of history is the majority, and their representation is the common interest of the country. Second, from the perspective of the nature of democracy, our democracy is different from that of the West, which is based on the realization of national interests based on the majority of the people, while the democracy of Western society emphasizes the rights of the individual. Third, from the perspective of institutional design, it is the "centralization" of the majority to the minority, rather than the "centralization" of the minority. This is fundamentally different from the dictatorship of a few people in ancient times, which uses the form of democracy to realize the common interests of the state, the people, and society.
In ancient times, "ruling the country by power" was the personal will of the monarch replacing the will of society and the state, and it had three characteristics. The first feature, "governing the country with power" is a family world, whether it is the army or *** is actually the private property of the monarch. The army is personal to the monarch, and all ministers are retainers of the monarch.
The second characteristic is that all ** are only responsible for the ** of power, and the monarch's control of ** depends on power and not on the system. In order to control all levels, when designing the institution, the ancient monarchs had a complete system, probably similar to the modern public security department, the organization department and the discipline inspection and supervision and national security department, which was called differently in different dynasties, and this institution was directly led by the emperor.
The third characteristic is that the powers are mutually contained, but the monarch's power is divine, and the monarch is beyond all constraints. The monarch appoints **, and they check each other, but in order to highlight the superiority of power, scholars and ** generally enjoy immunity when they violate the law and discipline, and they can also be punished. To put it bluntly, in a society where "power governs the country", power is allowed to be capricious.
When these characteristics appeared in a new dynasty, because the society had not yet been solidified, the class contradictions were not too prominent, and once a long time passed, it was easy for officials to protect each other. This has led to a very interesting phenomenon in the history of our country, that is, the so-called "after a long time, we must unite, and if we divide for a long time", we are constantly changing dynasties. Due to the role of human nature, the final outcome of the capriciousness of power caused by "ruling the country with power" will inevitably cause the ruler to deviate from the original intention of expanding the territory and put the interests of a few people above the society.
In recent years, our country has tried the democratic process, but it has been difficult due to the historical disease of "ruling the country with power". The first time was after the Xinhai Revolution, the abolition of the imperial system started the democratic process, but human nature has been difficult to change since ancient times, and under the influence of the old idea of "governing the country with power" for a long time, the road to social transformation is destined to be tortuous. After the Xinhai Revolution, Yuan Shikai turned back the clock on history, plunging the country into chaos, but the old road was destined to go nowhere, and the long river of history could not be reversed forever, and finally the Kuomintang ushered in the era called "** decade" by Western society. However, when the nation was in crisis, in the face of foreign aggression, the selfishness of the Kuomintang changed to the first place, and it adopted the policy of first securing the interior of the country before attacking the outside world, and thus lost the support of the people, and the will of the country was completely reduced to the personal will of the people.
History has once again proved that due to the role of human nature, "ruling the country with power" cannot escape the cycle of history. Although the society has now entered the era of the legal system, the remnants of the old ideas are still not removed, such as why is the "Ma Shuguo Report Incident" still fermenting? In fact, it is a duel between the two forces of "power" and "rule of law", and the people yearn for the complete rule of law, but a small number of people often "replace the law with power" and use power to arrest people at every turn, which is actually a variant of "governing the country with power"; if it is allowed to spread, it will not only let selfish desires run rampant, power will be capricious, the people's sense of security will be wiped out, society will have no trust, and the phenomenon of "reversing history" will be repeated.
It's not easy to stick to originality! If you feel satisfied after reading it, please give a like, comment and ** as a sign of encouragement! The author of this article: Yu Yan
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