If you're using Mac OS, hold down the Option key and click on the Wi-Fi icon, and you'll probably see something like this:
Today, let's talk about the information you can understand and the information you can't understand. I believe it will help you install a wireless router or set up a home network.
The firstIP address, I believe everyone has a little bit of a vague concept, yes, in is written as a vague concept. Most people's perception of IP addresses is 192168.x.X, a Class C private address segment, knows that the IP address of the router at home is 192168.x.1 Such an access address, and then what the IP of your computer or mobile phone looks like basically doesn't care.
The reason is that the allocation of IP addresses in many home network devices relies on the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) service of wireless routers, which automatically assigns an IP address to your device, and sets up the IP gateway and DNS information.
Why would it be 192168.x.x？This is designed by address classification:
What I just said is a class C address, class C address starts with 192 233, in fact, converted into binary, you will find that 192 converts binary is 11000000, 223 converted into binary is 11011111, if 223+1 becomes 224 (11100000) it becomes three address ranges starting with 1, which is also the range of class d addresses entered.
So why is the second place 168?This is the identification of a private address, after establishing the IP address segment starting with 11000000, another identifier 101010 will be detected as a private address, and the binary of 168 is 10101000. Together, it's 1100000010101000, and you'll find that 110 is followed by a string of zeros and then suddenly it becomes 101010.
What is the use of a private IP address?When the router is dealing with the private IP address, if it detects such a signal as 11000000101010, it will directly abandon it, which is conducive to reducing the load of the router and also conducive to the security of the private network.
Why is IN's IP address 17216.149.59This is because there are more devices in the network, and people are lazy, too lazy to get a three-layer exchange at home, so they chose a class B large flat layer IP, the host capacity range in the network is 256 times larger than the class C network segment, so 12799 IP addresses are selected in this network segment and put into the DHCP address pool for dynamic allocation. Of course, there are other rules for assigning addresses, and these more than 10,000 addresses can be segmented to perform their own duties.
As I just said, if the router detects a private address and discards it, it won't**, so how does our data get out?
Here it isThe second"Router: 17216.0.1"The meaning of "is that there is a gateway option in DHCP, which will point to the nat function of the router at home, which is why in told everyone before that the so-called router at home is a NAT converter.
In the home user scenario, the device has its own IP address, and knows that the gateway that can perform NAT translation, then it can access the IP host on the Internet, and if the device obtains the DNS address, it can rely on the domain name resolution function to access the Internet **.
saidThe third"Security: WPA3 Personal", the security of the Wi-Fi system relies on the key to achieve. Currently, the highest level of Wi-Fi security is called WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 3). This is a set of Wi-Fi security framework standards launched by Wi-Fi in 2018. China also has a set of standards parallel to WPA running on WLAN called WAPI, which has the opportunity to talk to you.
Since WPA2, WAP has been divided into individual level and enterprise level, and WPA3 is more secure at the enterprise level, which can use the authentication server to authenticate users one-to-one accounts, and support higher digits of encryption keys.
However, the enterprise level is not friendly to home users, and most enterprise-level Wi-Fi authentication needs to log in to the browser and enter the user name and password, etc., and it is impossible to implement authentication for devices without screens, such as sweeping robots or something (of course, you can also set up MAC address authentication in the RADIUS server, but it is very troublesome).
Not only that, but even at the end of 2023, there are many wireless devices that do not support WPA3 and cannot connect to WPA3 access points, so the VPC network used by guests here in is also set to WPA2:
However, the matter of guests has little impact on the family after all. The real impact is still some old Wi-Fi devices, because they can't support WPA3, you need to make a setup on the access point:
As you can see, the security settings of this SSID access point for self-use are "undefined + not involved", rather than the security options when the SSID is established in general
In fact, when setting up, a WPA2+WAP3 is set in the RF security template, and a variety of schemes are selected for the form of encryption
The advantage of this is that with the help of the spectrum navigation function of the AP itself, the access device is analyzed first, and then a security standard that is more suitable for the access device level is selected. Of course, devices with different security levels are also connected to the network with different restricted ranges, which greatly reduces the possibility of malicious applications taking advantage of some low-level security vulnerabilities to enter the network to commit crimes.
The fourth：“bssid”
This thing is a 48-bit hexadecimal logo, which actually plays a great role in Wi-Fi networks, and we sometimes see the name of the wifi network, for example, Rihome in today's example is a text identifier that is easy to remember, and BSSID is the real physical device behind this logo. In many AC AP networks, BSSID is also used to identify the same network.
Therefore, BSSID is called "Basic Service Set Identifier". Most MESH will change the BSSID when switching access points, while the BSSID of AC AP solutions is mostly unchanged. The unchanged BSSID is even more insensible to the user.
Fifth:Channel.
Channel this thing is in wireless 2A communication channel in the 4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band with a certain bandwidth.
Taking 5GHz as an example, the bandwidth of the channel can be divided into 20MHz-160MHz, starting from the base point of 5GHz at 5170MHz, and each fixed bandwidth is divided into channels with different serial numbers.
The first thing to know is that the wider the bandwidth, the greater the amount of data that can be transmitted at one time, but the wider the bandwidth, the fewer the number of channels, and therefore the easier it is to be interfered with by other devices.
Therefore, in's own channel and bandwidth selection is 2All channels within 4GHz 20MHz, all channels covered by 80MHz within 5GHz.
It's just that the choice of channel is a prisoner's dilemma, especially in our country, most of us are in residential buildings, if you take the wifi analyzer to the corridor you can see this result:
You'll find that your neighbor's Wi-Fi router tends to take up all the channels, and that's when interference and reduced internet speeds are a given. All you can do is set up your own Wi-Fi router by choosing a channel that doesn't take up too much based on the channel rating
But you can do this, and so can your neighbors, and over time the various channels will be evenly distributed. This is the prisoner's dilemma.
Is there a way to do it?On some wireless systems, there is an air interface optimization function:
The radio frequency system can automatically set its own channel according to the current radio environment every once in a while, and choose a channel that occupies a channel that is not so busy and the interference is not so strong to send your own Wi-Fi signal.
Sixth:Country**:CN
This is a benchmark access standard for wireless systems**, ours is CN
Each country will propose some standards and some restrictions on radio equipment according to its own radio planning situation, which is a matter of radio regulations in each country, and each country will basically make some cuts to the radio channel.
At the same time, the power of the wireless AP is limited. For example, China's 24GHz is not more than 100MW, 5GHz is not more than 500MW, these limits are reflected in the wireless router, which is "country**".
Some people will change the signal rules of the wireless router by changing the country code, which seems to be able to obtain higher transmitting power, but the ** of many wireless terminals is written according to the country of sale. For example, you change the region code of an Australia and get 24G transmission power, it seems that the signal strength of Wi-Fi has become stronger, but if you use the unique transmission channel in Australia, if the mobile phone you buy in China is not on this channel, it is not a problem of signal strength but you cannot connect to the wireless device at all.
SeventhRSSI, which is the signal strength indicator, which is the key to the quality of the wireless signal, RSSI will be displayed in negative decibel milliwatts (dBm), the higher the value, the stronger the signal. The basic hierarchy is like this:
Very Strong: >-50 dBm Strong: -50 dBm to -60 dBm Medium: -60 dBm to -70 dBm Weak: -70 dBm to -80 dBm Very Weak:
The different levels of Wi-Fi icons you see on your Wi-Fi device are visual depictions of these values. In general, the signal "=-50dbm icon will be displayed in a full state. This means that the Wi-Fi signal is very strong. You can also optimize the wireless signal strength in key parts of your home by constantly monitoring the RSSI display strength and moving the location of the wireless router in your home.
EighthNoise. The unit of noise is still dBm, which is also a unit of strength displayed by a negative value, which represents the strength of the useless wireless signal of the same band received by your wireless network device. This is what is often referred to as the distraction part. You can still refer to the RSSI intensity table to see the noise level. The example posted at the head of the article is -92, which means that the noise is basically imperceptible.
In wireless network applications, there is the concept of signal-to-noise ratio, snr=rssi noise, according to the above example, snr= -50 - 92= 42dBm, which is a pretty good electromagnetic environment for wireless networks.
Ninth, tx rate 1200mpbs
This is the maximum rate at which this notebook representing IN can send information to other devices over a wireless network. There is a very interesting thing here, generally speaking, the TX send and TX receive rates exist in pairs, but in the wireless network, you can only see the maximum rate sent by the device air interface, and it is difficult to see the maximum rate received by the device. It is not that the wireless network is like the tx and rx peering of the wired network, and it is enough to display a rate, but the air interface (air interface) negotiation rate of the wireless device is often unequal and dynamic, and the endpoint device only maintains its own transmission rate and cannot determine the rate that the peer device can provide, so in many wireless devices, there is only the tx rate, if you want to query the exact tx and rx rate, you need to go to the control interface of the ap to see:
For example, the IP address of the laptop that is restricted to use is 17216.149.59, the negotiation rate on the AP is 960 1201Mbps, since the opponent, TX and RX are opposite, we can determine that in the wireless network environment, the laptop in use can reach a maximum of 960MPS reception rate.
Why is there a gap?This is what the rules and templates for wireless air interface define are in. At the same time, it is also related to the wireless environment.
Tenth, PHY mode, which is a written expression of the Wi-Fi standard mode, 80211ax is actually what everyone calls Wi-Fi 6.
In network engineering, the name of the protocol is generally written, rather than the name of the commoditized trade that is easy for the public to remember, for example, Wi-Fi 6 is called 802 in the protocol11ax, Wi-Fi 5 is called 802 in terms of protocol11ac, now the new Wi-Fi 7 is called 80211be……
Eleventh, MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme Index), which is a play for wireless networks. Typically, MCS indexes in Wi-Fi systems range from 0 to 7, with each index corresponding to a specific modulation and coding scheme. In a standard Wi-Fi implementation, the value of an MCS index usually does not exceed 7.
There is a negotiation process after the wireless device is connected to the access point, usually starting with MCS 0 and gradually increasing in a way that ensures the lowest rate and ensures communication stability. In general, MCS 0 in AP equipment refers to the use of BPSK modulation to encode in 1 to 2 mode, and a stream can reach 65Mbps rate. With MCS 7, you can reach a rate of 65Mbps in a single stream.
This scheme index is the sending and receiving scheme that has been determined inside the router or AP, why so much, mainly to provide a stable data connection in a complex electromagnetic interference environment, but not necessarily high-speed, after all, being able to connect is the first problem to be solved, and high-speed is just the icing on the cake.
But why is IN's MCS 11?0-7 is the basic MCS, each router vendor also has an extended MCS solution to provide higher stability and rate combination, and 11 is the built-in solution of the AP itself. In addition to ap** 7, there are alternatives with a maximum of 9 and a maximum of 11.
By tuning the alternatives, you can get a higher and more stable router rate. For example, the following ** is a negotiation process, and you will see the variation relationship between MCS and rate:
So when your speed doesn't go up and you feel that the network speed is slow, you don't have to look at why the network speed is so slow (you can't see it), you have to see how hard your MCS is trying to reach the maximum value, which has a lot to do with your electromagnetic environment.
So you see this guest AP, although it is also a Wi-Fi 6 router, but the TX rate is reduced by MCS, and the real connection speed is 150-170Mbps.
Twelfth,nss:2,hehe"nss:2"pit goods!!
First, NSS (Number of Spatial Streams) indicates the number of spatial streams transmitted simultaneously in wireless communication. In the Wi-Fi standard, NSS is used to describe the ability to transmit data over multiple antennas. Each spatial stream can be considered as an independent data channel, and by increasing the number of spatial streams, the overall data transfer rate of wireless communication can be increased.
To explain, that's how many antennas you use to communicate with the router, and here is 2, which is the maximum number of Wi-Fi antennas on the MacBook Pro M2 version.
And how many antennas does the AP used in have?A full 8 receives and 8 sends!
People who care about wireless routers generally care about parameters such as 2x2 mu-mimo or 4x4mu-mimo mu-mimo (multi-user, multiple-input and multiple-output), which refers to how many antennas are used for output and how many antennas are used for input, and this is an 8x8 mu-mimo AP.
However, for a single device, for example, the laptop used by IN now only has a maximum of two sets of antennas, which means that only 2x2 mu-mimo is completed. It just gives full play to the performance of 8x8 mu-mimo 1 4. In fact, in the ordinary civilian field we can rarely find 8x8 mu-mimo Wi-Fi clients, basically 2x2 mu-mimo devices are already mainstream, so when you buy such a multi-antenna router:
In fact, most of the time, you only use one or two of these antennas, not that the more antennas, the stronger the signal and the faster the speed.