The rise of the South after the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, the southern region rose rapidly, making the Jiangnan area a new economic powerhouse, and its status gradually improved. However, due to the distance from the north, it is impossible to effectively govern the northern region, and the Jianghuai region has not yet become the first choice of the national capital. This phenomenon has occurred many times in Chinese history, such as the Xi'an, Han and Tang dynasties, which made Chang'an their national capital, but were unable to fully control the territory due to the eastward shift of the economic center, and finally moved the capital to Luoyang.
The dilemma of the Southern regime.
For places such as Nanjing, the reason for becoming the regime's first choice was not a tendency to attack, but a lack of natural barriers that could not provide an effective defense. Without the support of Jianghuai, Jiangnan and other places, the southern regimes such as Wu and Chen were destined to face a similar fate.
The difficulty of the Northern Expedition to recover the Central Plains.
Many Northern Expeditions in history have mostly ended in failure. Whether it was the Qin, Western Han or Tang Dynasty, the key points to be able to unify the whole country from Chang'an were two common points: one was the relative chaos in the area east of Guanzhong, and the other was the possession of Sichuan. Due to their geographical location, Nanjing and other places were not suitable to become the imperial capital of unified China in ancient times, and although they were wealthy, they lacked a sense of security.
The challenges of the era of cold weapons.
In the history of cold weapon warfare, it was difficult for infantry to defeat cavalry on plain terrain, which can be seen in Yue Fei's Northern Expedition. The lack of horses in the South was not obvious in the early stages of the Northern Expedition, but once in the plains, the Southern army would face the dilemma of infantry fighting cavalry, and the risk of supply interruptions increased.
North-South strategic differences.
In the war in the plains, in addition to the problem of infantry and cavalry, the South also faced difficulties in the transportation of supplies. The lack of horses in the Southern army made it difficult for the South to compete with the North in terms of supply and transportation. Even the success of Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition was largely attributed to the fact that the southern encirclement occupied arable land for horse grazing, which solved the problem of lack of horses in the south.
Advantages of the Northern Plains.
The population of the major plains in the north is relatively concentrated, and it is easier to establish a grassroots management system to achieve effective mobilization of grain, grass and population. In contrast, the southern plains are scattered and the terrain is complex, making it extremely difficult to raise grain and grass and mobilize people and horses. The Northern Plain also has the advantage of stronger communication capabilities, which can realize coordinated operations between Guanzhong and the Central Plains battlefield.
The geographical disadvantage of the South.
Food, war horses, transportation, population, economy, etc., are all related to climate and terrain. The development of the southern region was difficult in ancient times, and it was not until after the Song Dynasty that the Han people moved south, and the southern region gradually improved. However, the south refers to the Huai River basin in the Central Plains, the Jianghan River near the Yangtze River, and the middle and lower reaches, and does not include the hilly areas further south. The disadvantage of the south lies in the closed terrain, which is not conducive to industrial construction, while the north can easily occupy the commanding heights by virtue of the advantage of the plains.
Summary. In the civil war between the South and the North in history, geographical, climatic, cultural and other factors all affected the development and military decision-making of the two places. Although the south was economically rich, its geographical disadvantages made it difficult to unify the unified dynasty. The differences between the north and the south, whether in the Cold Weapon Age or in modern times, reflect the richness and diversity of Chinese history on different levels.
The above profoundly examines the geographical, economic, and military differences between the North and the South in Chinese history, and the impact of these differences in the Civil War. From the rise of the South after the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the failure of the Northern Expedition and the strategic differences between the North and the South, this series of expositions reveals the unique pattern and development dilemma of ancient China.
First of all, the article analyzes the reasons for the rise of the South from the perspective of geographical location. The Jiangnan area has become a new economic center due to its abundant economic resources, but due to its distance from the north and difficult governance, it cannot become the first choice of the national capital. The political difficulties posed by this geographical distance have continued throughout Chinese history and have affected the unity and governance of the empire.
The article then discusses the plight of the Southern regime during the Northern Expeditions. The armies of the South faced the challenges of the plains, the infantry struggled against the cavalry, and the lack of horses in the South made it difficult to transport supplies. This point was solved in Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition, and the occupation of cultivated land and horse breeding in the southern circle became the advantage of the Southern Army, which created conditions for the success of the Northern Expedition.
The challenges of the Cold Weapons era are also fully elaborated in the article. The military dilemma between the North and the South, in addition to the confrontation between infantry and cavalry, is more reflected in the lack of horses in the South. This problem put the Southern army at risk in the supply and transportation of the plains, limiting the performance of the South in the Northern Expedition.
The article also analyzes the advantages of the northern plains over the south. The population of the northern plains is relatively concentrated, and the grassroots management is easier to establish, and the mobilization of grain, grass and population is more convenient. In contrast, the southern plains are scattered and the terrain is complex, making it more difficult to raise grain and grass and mobilize people and horses. This was especially important in the coordinated operations of the Civil War.
Finally, the article summarizes the disadvantages of the South in historical development. Geography, climate, humanities and other factors made it relatively difficult for the south to develop in ancient times, and it was not improved until after the Song Dynasty. The South's lack of horses and the limitations it faced in the Cold Weapons Civil War put the Southern regime in a difficult position in the process of unifying the Great Unification Dynasty.
Overall, this article provides us with an in-depth analysis of the historical differences between the North and the South, showing us the geographical pattern of ancient China and the difficulties of the Civil War. This is not only a profound reflection on history, but also a vivid description of the unique situation in the process of China's development and evolution.
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