In the context of the rapid improvement of people's living standards, more demands have been put forward for food quality and safety. In recent years, the structure of China's grain industry has begun to be continuously adjusted, and the planting scale and planting area of potatoes have been greatly improved. However, in daily planting, potato diseases and pests often occur, which may affect the healthy growth and development of potatoes and lead to a decrease in yield. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the causes of common potato pests and diseases and find relevant control strategies.
1. Common types of diseases.
Early blight. Early blight is mainly found on potato leaves, and may invade potato tubers as the disease spreads and spreads. When potato leaves are attacked by early blight, they will quickly form lesions, threatening the healthy growth of potatoes. Early blight bacteria generally hide in the body of the disease for the winter, and multiply rapidly through hyphae and conidia. By the next year's planting, the germs will invade quickly. Especially under the action of rain, the germs spread rapidly, and the degree of damage will increase with the increase of humidity.
Late blight. Late blight is a typical fungal disease among the common potato diseases, and the peak incidence is in July and August every year. The season is hot, the temperature is high, and it is in the rainy season, which provides good conditions for the reproduction of germs. Potato late blight is a common disease in potato planting, which affects the yield and quality of potatoes. After the occurrence of late blight, potato leaves will appear with lesions and then wilt, and the disease is difficult to control.
Black shin disease. Black shank disease is a common disease in potato cultivation and is a bacterial disease. The occurrence of this disease is closely related to the excessive humidity of the planting soil, and the incidence is higher in hot weather, especially in areas with low terrain and more precipitation. If the disease occurs during the growing season, healthy growth cannot be achieved, the leaves are curled, small, yellow, and if severe, the stems will turn black and have a rotten smell. Black shin disease is extremely harmful to the growth of potatoes and will directly affect the yield.
Ring rot. Ring rot is a vascular disease, and there are symptoms on the tubers, stems and leaves of potatoes. After the plant is infected with ring rot, it will show two obvious symptoms: wilting and wilting, especially in the flowering stage of flower buds. With the further development of the disease, the leaves and tips are accompanied by brown, and the leaf veins will curl upward, and eventually die. When wilting symptoms occur, there will be wilting at the top, the leaf veins curl upward, there is a clear state of water loss, and the potato plants with mild disease may have leaf wilting, and if the disease is more severe, there will be a large amount of wilting, and there will be death. After cutting the vascular bundle of the diseased plant, it will be found to be dark yellow-brown, and the flowers and berries have no obvious symptoms. If the tuber is infected with this disease, it basically takes one to two months for symptoms to appear, and it is difficult to observe the symptoms on the surface, and it is necessary to cut the vascular bundle to find it, and it can be found that the vascular bundle has softened and the surface bursts. One of the most serious tuber diseases is ring rot, which may also cause the skin to separate, reticulated, reddish-brown, and have a rotten taste. After the appearance of this disease in the vascular bundles of roots and tubers, there are obvious yellowish-brown changes, and the excluded bacteria are milky yellow and the tubers are granular. In general, the pathogen of ring rot will only cause damage to potatoes, and the seeds infected with the disease will rot, difficult to germinate, germinate and emerge after sowing, and the disease will spread along the vascular bundles.
2. Common insect pest species.
Aphids. Aphids are a common insect pest in the potato planting process, aphids are small, relatively soft, and changeable in color, with green and yellow being the most common. Mainly by absorbing the nutrients and juice of potato leaves, the nutrients needed in the growth process of potatoes are obtained, which leads to the lack of nutrients in the growth of potatoes, and then causes the yield to decline. Aphids are most likely to breed in weather with a temperature of around 20, and their numbers can increase dramatically in a short period of time when they reproduce rapidly.
Cutworm. Unlike aphids, tigers are pests of the underground part of potatoes and can also be considered spiguazi larvae. Compared with aphids, ground tigers are larger in size and size, mainly black-brown, and will destroy the tuber part of the potato. Destroyed potato tubers are visible to the naked eye with many holes. Ground tigers are pests that breed easily in humid environments and are extremely tolerant to low temperatures.
Twenty-eight star ladybugs.
Twenty-eight star ladybugs can also be called potato ladybugs, and ladybug larvae and adults will cause varying degrees of damage to potato leaves, young stems, and fruits. After the leaf is damaged, the epidermis appears reticulated and then yellows. If the ladybug is more severe, the leaves will wilt. Larvae can be more harmful to potato growth than adults, with a 10-20% reduction in yield in general and 50% in severe cases.
Tuber moth. The tuber moth is a pest that mainly harms potato tubers, and the body length of tuber moths is generally about half a centimeter, which is black or dark brown, and has special requirements for light and strong phototaxis. Tuber moth larvae eat on potato tubers and leave irregularly sized holes in the tubers, causing the potatoes to rot rapidly in a short period of time, eventually causing the buds of the potatoes to die.
3. Potato disease prevention and control technology.
Early blight control technology.
First of all, choose potato varieties that are early maturing and disease resistant, and harvest them early as possible. At the same time, select areas with sufficient soil nutrients, fertile soil and good air permeability to carry out potato planting. In addition, the prevention and control of early blight must apply organic fertilizer to improve the resistance of potatoes to diseases. Planters are required to clean up diseased residues in the soil to reduce virus infection. After the potato is harvested, reduce the damage to the potatoes during transportation and storage, the transportation temperature and storage temperature should be appropriate, and the ventilation work should be done in time to avoid the virus from entering the cellar. Secondly, before the onset of the disease, potatoes can be sprayed with manganese-zinc wettable powder and amisidad to play a good control role. Finally, after the onset of potato disease, a 50% dose of Soclin wettable powder can be sprayed.
Late blight control technology.
Late blight is more difficult to control than other diseases, so it is necessary to sow excellent potato resistant varieties. Sow as early as possible, avoid stagnant water, and strengthen field management and seedling breeding. In order to improve the effectiveness of late blight, it is necessary to apply chemicals scientifically. Redomir WP can be used to stir the potato cubes to reduce the incidence of late blight. If the potato growing season coincides with the rainy season, chemical drugs such as Bordeaux liquid and Donin can be sprayed for prevention. During the spraying process, it is necessary to ensure that the leaves are fully covered and sprayed once a week. After it is found that the potato plant has been infected with late blight, it is necessary to spray drugs such as Kelu and Suppression for prevention and control, and wettable powder and methamethoxine can also be added to improve the control effect, reduce the resistance of the pathogen, and control the spread and spread of the disease.
Black shin disease prevention and control technology.
The prevention and control of black shank disease requires the creation of a disease-free and safe potato production base, controlling the planting density, cultivating small seed potatoes, and controlling the spread of knife diseases. After the seed potatoes are mature, they should be dried as soon as possible to promote embolization, ensure the healing of the diseased parts as soon as possible, and avoid the spread and spread of the virus. Before sowing, all infected seed potatoes should be eliminated, and various tools should be disinfected and sterilized to avoid the spread of the virus. In addition, it is best to plant in a location with good irrigation conditions and avoid planting in clay soil. If black shin disease is present, the infected plant needs to be uprooted immediately and the soil should be treated with streptomycin.
Ring rot prevention and control technology.
Ring rot prevention and control needs to build a disease-free potato planting base, select no more than 50g of seeds to carry out sowing work, in sowing, the knives used must be disinfected, such as flame disinfection, potassium permanganate disinfection, etc., each sowing must be changed knives, a piece has been sterilized, all the diseased plants are eliminated. At the same time, sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder, and sterilized containers can be applied to reduce the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. Once a diseased plant is found, it needs to be removed immediately. In terms of prevention and treatment, it can be scientifically prevented and treated with drugs. For example, according to the effect of soaking copper sulfate for ten minutes per 50 mg kg. If it is the early stage of the disease, it can be sprayed with streptomycin. In addition, scientific storage is also a good control method, which requires the installation of ventilation equipment in the potato cellar.
Fourth, the prevention and control of insect pests.
Aphid control measures.
Aphids do not move in areas with high altitudes, low temperatures, and high wind speeds, but in areas where the temperature is high and the sun is abundant. In terms of aphid disease control, it is necessary for planters to remove weeds from the edge of the field, destroy the habitat of aphids, and intermediate hosts in order to eliminate aphids on a large scale, and aphid molds can also be used to play a good role in control. In the process of aphid control, aphid pine and imidacloprid wettable powder can be used for control, and the relevant doses of different pesticides can be controlled on a per mu basis. At the same time, the application of 3000-4000 times spray of pyrethrin can also play a good role in prevention and control. After the potato emerges, the first spraying is carried out, and the spraying is continued every ten days or so according to the actual situation, and the spraying dose is controlled in combination with the number of aphids.
Ground tiger control measures.
In terms of tiger control measures, planters should deeply plough the area to be planted in autumn to destroy the growth Xi and habitat of tigers, and kill larvae and destroy eggs in a concentrated manner. At the same time, it should be noted that ground tigers have a certain phototaxis, and planters can choose methods such as black lights to trap them.
Twenty-eight star ladybug control measures.
The twenty-eight star ladybug is the potato ladybug, and this pest larvae are more difficult to control than the adults. To this end, the overwintering adults can be killed by artificial methods, and the weeds on the edge of the field can be cleaned up in time to control and scientifically reduce the purpose of the 28-star ladybug. At the same time, the method of insecticide by manual means is also preferable. The number of ladybugs can be controlled and reduced by removing eggs and destroying them intensively. In terms of drug control, because the third quarter of Guanghe County is the peak stage of pests and diseases, at this stage, you can choose emulsifiable concentrate spraying control, and you can also apply Wanling to spray, spray once a week, continue to spray for about three weeks, it can play a good control effect.
Tuber moth control measures.
As mentioned above, tuber moths have strong phototaxis, so they can choose insecticidal lamps for booby-trapping. At the same time, for tuber moths, it can also be controlled by introducing natural enemies, and the nematode can have a good control effect and a good killing effect. For the control of tuber moths, you can spray Saibokai emulsifiable concentrate and dilute it 2,000 times for control.
To sum up, great progress has been made in potato planting in recent years, and the potato planting area and planting scale have been expanding. However, in the past, the frequent occurrence of pests and diseases has brought many adverse effects to the healthy development of the potato planting industry. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the causes of potato diseases and insect pests, and find targeted control technologies and methods to ensure the healthy development of potato planting.