China Testing Ecological Environment***Testing Consulting Technical Service Category:
Environmental Water Quality Testing:
The purpose of water quality inspection is to examine the quality of the environment, to study whether the water quality is suitable or suitable, to investigate the pollution or degree of contamination of the water, and to check the efficiency of the water treatment process. The test items (referred to as water quality parameters) of the water sample depend on the purpose of the test and the nature of the water sample. The data obtained should be evaluated in a comprehensive manner to illustrate water quality.
The determination methods of general water quality parameters are basically physical and chemical tests, based on the principles and the instruments and operations used from the general analytical chemistry methods, and recently tend to use rapid, sensitive and accurate instrumental analysis methods, such as dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and other parameters are determined by special analytical instruments. Biological tests include commonly used bacteriological tests and microscopic tests, fish toxicity tests to test water toxicity, residual poison tests to reflect water toxicity and its impact on the environment, and ecological tests. As far as the test methods are concerned, the latter two tests are no longer water quality tests. The bacteriological test is mainly a quantitative determination of the total number of bacteria and coliform bacteria. Microscopic examination refers to the qualitative and quantitative examination of microorganisms other than bacteria. In order to ensure the accuracy of the obtained data and the required accuracy, and improve the comparability of the data, the relevant departments often formulate standard methods for water quality testing. Among them, the methods developed by the environment and health departments are often widely applicable. It is important to use standard methods when testing water quality.
The water sample used for the test should be representative of the object of the test. Therefore, the collection, transportation and storage of water samples are also important technical issues. The location and time of water sample collection, the container and method of sampling, and the transportation and storage of water samples should ensure that the water samples are representative.
Before evaluating the water quality of water samples, the accuracy of the sampling process and audit results should be checked. It can be checked with some analytical methods, such as specific conductance determination, ion exchange. It can also be verified according to the relationship between parameters, for example, the total amount of cations should be equal to the total amount of anions, the total amount of ions should be equal to or close to the dissolved solids, the pH value, alkalinity, hardness, and the relationship between BOD5 and COD, etc.
Water quality (including atmospheric precipitation) and wastewater testing items:
Water temperature, flow, appearance, color, odor, chlorine dioxide, elemental phosphorus,
iodide, fluoride, chloride, magnesium, nitrite,
Bromine ions, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, sulfate,
Lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, boron
Mercury, arsenic, selenium, antimony, (total) chromium, barium, aluminum, cobalt, vanadium
Thallium, silver, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium,
Manganese, molybdenum, lead, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, tin, strontium, titanium,
Zinc, zirconium, aniline compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene
Xylene, cumene, styrene, hexa.
Six. 6. DDT
Animal and vegetable oils, petroleum, suspended solids, pH, conductivity,
Dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, anionic surfactant, total phosphorus,
Chemical oxygen demand, permanganate index, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, cadmium,
Hexavalent chromium, sulfides, turbidity, turbidity, residue,
Total hardness (total calcium and magnesium), acidity, alkalinity, salinity,
Total dissolved solids, nitrite (nitrogen), nitrate (nitrogen),
Transparency, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, volatile phenols (kinds),
Free and total chlorine, visible to the naked eye, (total) cyanide
Total salt, phosphate, sodium, total arsenic, total mercury, formaldehyde.
Butylxanthatic acid, hydrazine, methylhydrazine, chlorophyll, chlorite,
p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, soluble phosphate,
Total dissolved phosphorus, fecal coliforms, total coliforms, total number of colonies, etc.
Water is a precious resource for people's survival, and water quality testing is very important. The significance of water quality testing is mainly reflected in the following four aspects.
1. Water quality testing can identify China's existing water resources and risk factors that cause water pollution, such as the types, concentrations and development trends of pollutants.
2. Water quality testing can analyze the water quality status, and the water quality will change after heavy rain, floods and other disasters, such as industrial raw materials or wastewater with complex compositions brought by floods, usually including heavy metals such as lead, chromium, mercury, etc., which will cause serious harm to human health. Based on the real-time water quality testing results in the disaster area, corresponding measures can be formulated to reduce the impact of secondary disasters.
3. Due to the unequal distribution of water resources, it is necessary to strengthen the water quality testing in the operation of water conveyance projects to provide a good guarantee for eliminating the unequal distribution of water resources.
4. Water quality testing can effectively monitor the quality of residents' drinking water, improve water safety, and protect people's health.
Soil Quality Testing:
Soil testing methods.
When using the land as a nursery, it is best to select representative plots and select them in blocks to ensure the accuracy of the measurement results.
1. Preparation before soil testing.
1. Preparation of testing instruments.
1) Soil sampler (2) Soil sieve.
2. Basic methods and sample preparation for soil testing.
1. Soil distribution method.
1) Simple random.
The monitoring unit is divided into grids, each grid is numbered, and after determining the number of samples at the sampling point, the samples of the specified number of samples are randomly selected, and the sample number corresponds to the grid number. It was then randomly obtained using different methods.
Take. 2) Random chunks.
According to the data collected, if there are several distinct types of soil in the monitoring area, the area can be divided into several patches, each with more uniform pollutants and more obvious differences between the blocks. Each block is used as a monitoring unit, and then randomly distributed in each monitoring unit.
3) Systematic randomness.
Divide the monitoring area into equal parts.
meshing), and a sampling point is placed in each grid.
If the content of soil pollutants varies greatly in the region, the representativeness of the samples sampled by the random distribution of the system is better than that of the random distribution of the soil in the area.
2. The number of distribution points for soil monitoring should meet the basic requirements of sample capacity, and the number of soil distribution points in actual work should be determined according to factors such as the purpose of the survey, the accuracy of the survey and the environmental conditions of the survey area. (A minimum of 3 points per monitoring unit is generally required.) The regional soil environmental survey can be carried out according to the accuracy of the surveySelect 5km, 5km, 10km, 20km, and 40km grid spacing grid points, and the number of grid nodes in the area is the number of soil sampling points.
3. Sample collection.
Sample collection is generally carried out in three stages:
1) Pre-sampling: according to the background data and on-site inspection results, collect a certain number of samples for analysis and determination, (2) Formal sampling: implement on-site sampling according to the monitoring plan.
3) Supplementary sampling: After the formal sampling test, if it is found that the sample points laid out do not meet the overall design needs, additional sampling points should be added for supplementary sampling.
Small-area soil pollution surveys and sudden soil pollution accident investigations can be directly sampled.
4. Sample circulation.
The soil sample will be sent to the laboratory by a special person, and both the sample sender and the sample receiver will count and verify the sample at the same time, and sign the sample handover form for confirmation, and the sample handover sheet will be kept by both parties for future reference.
5. Sample preservation.
Samples are classified by name, number, and particle size. After being transferred to a professional testing center for testing.
6. Reserve samples.
The remaining samples after analysis and use are generally retained for half a year, which is conducive to effective analysis of the same situation in the nursery. Special, rare, arbitrated, and controversial samples should generally be kept permanently.
Noise detection: the applicable area of various standard noise detection:
The Class 0 standard is applicable to areas that need special quiet, such as recuperation areas, high-end villa areas, and high-end hotel areas. This type of area located in the suburbs and villages is strictly implemented at 5 decibels stricter than the 0 class standard.
Category 1 standards are applicable to areas dominated by residential, cultural and educational institutions. Rural living environments can refer to the implementation of such standards.
Category 2 standards apply to residential, commercial, and industrial mixed areas.
Category 3 standards apply to industrial zones.
Category 4 standards are applicable to the areas on both sides of road traffic arteries in the city, and the areas on both sides of inland waterways that cross urban areas. The same standard is also applied to the background noise (i.e., the noise level when the train does not pass) in the area on both sides of the main and secondary railway lines that pass through the urban area.
Methods of noise detection:
1 Simple on-site detection Simple on-site testing, commonly used ordinary sound level meter (also called noise meter) to detect the noise of equipment. In the case of on-site inspections, the size of the equipment is first estimated, and then the location of the measurement point is determined. Let the maximum size of the equipment to be tested be d, and the position of the test point is as follows: When d is 1 meter, the test point is 30 cm from the surface of the equipment. D—1 meter, the test point is 1 meter away from the surface of the equipment. d When 1 meter, the test point is 3 meters from the surface of the equipment. For general equipment, 4 test points should be selected, and 6 points should be tested for large equipment. The test height is generally: 2 3 places of the height of the equipment for small equipment;The device is 1 2 places of the height of the device;Large equipment is 1 8 places of the height of the equipment. For fans, compressors, pumps, gear devices, etc., you can refer to the Japanese JIS standard Generally speaking, the test environment requirements are sometimes not easy to meet, and the test only plays an estimated role.
2 ISO near-field testing method When using this method, the following points should be noted:
1) Draw the envelope line of the whole machine in the plane.
2) The environment is approximately free field, that is, there is almost no reflection, the distance between the measurement points is doubled, and the noise is reduced by 6 decibels.
3) The measurement height is required at 1 2 1 3 of the height of the equipment.
4) The distance between the measurement points should ensure that the sound pressure level difference between adjacent points does not exceed 5 decibels.
5) Calculation requirements of measured values: when the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of each measurement point does not exceed 5 decibels, only the arithmetic mean value is requiredWhen the difference between the maximum and minimum values exceeds 5 decibels, it is calculated by the energy averaging method.
Precautions for noise monitoring (1) Measuring instruments. All measuring instruments should comply with the appropriate standards and must be calibrated before use. When measuring the noise level, a precision and ordinary sound level meter is used, and if the noise spectrum is to be measured, a filter on the sound level meter is requiredWhen measuring equivalent sound levels, use an integral sound level meter;Impulse noise is measured using a pulsed sound level meter;Sound intensity meters, real-time analyzers, etc., are used to measure sound intensity or analyze noise signals. (2) Measurement conditions. The effect of background noise should be taken into account in the measurement. When the measured noise is less than 10dB higher than the background noise, the measurement results should be corrected according to the regulationsWhen the measured noise is less than 3dB above the background, the measurement results cannot be used as any basis, only as a reference. When the wind speed is greater than level 4 in ambient weather, outdoor measurement should be stopped. When measuring, it is necessary to avoid the influence of high temperature, high humidity, strong magnetic field, ground and wall reflection and other factors. (3) Reading method. Steady-state noise reads the indicated value or equivalent sound level in a slow setting. Cyclically varying noise can also be measured by reading the maximum value with a fast speed and reading the noise value over time.
Testing details. 1. Promise to abide by the "Administrative Measures for the Qualification Accreditation of Inspection and Testing Institutions" and other relevant laws and regulations, comply with the requirements of the statutory management agency for inspection work, carry out testing in strict accordance with the law, and carry out testing in strict accordance with the standards to ensure that the testing is fair, scientific and accurate.
2. Promise to abide by the "Evaluation Criteria for the Qualification Accreditation of Inspection and Testing Institutions" and other regulations, ensure that the inspection qualification is legal and effective, and prohibit the carrying out of testing services without metrology certification.
3. Ensure the independence of the judgment of testing and evaluation results. Laboratories and their personnel shall not have an interest in the testing activities they engage in, as well as the data and results they issue;Do not participate in any activities that are detrimental to the independence and integrity of testing and judgment;It is not allowed to participate in product design, development, production, installation, use or maintenance activities related to testing projects or similar competitive projects.
4. The laboratory and its personnel are not subject to interference from business, finance, etc., and other internal and external administrative pressures. Do not use the testing work for personal gain, do not accept gifts, valuables** and payment vouchers related to the exercise of the testing work, and do not accept banquets that may have an impact on the testing data.
5. It is forbidden to falsify inspection data, prohibit the issuance of false reports, and ensure that the inspection reports issued are true and effective, and the data are accurate and reliable.
6. Treat all customers fairly and justly, and ensure that we provide high-quality services of the same quality.
7. Strictly keep the customer's technology, data, data and other business secrets, and shall not use the customer's technology and data to engage in technology development and technical services without the authorization of the customer.