Contents: The history of Xiao He Kanqing.
Edited by Xiao He Kanqing History.
In the Tang Dynasty, receiving education and reading and schooling were no longer the preserve of a few privileged classes, but a phenomenon that spread to the whole society on a large scale, with significant socialization characteristicsThe increase in the audience of education and the expansion of the reach of education.
Before the Tang Dynasty, the skew of government education resources was very serious, and the class level division was extremely obvious. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the situation changed significantly. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, the first official education resources were not only rich in variety, but also of high quality.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were six official schools: Guozi Studies, Tai Studies, Four Studies, Calligraphy, Law and Arithmetic. And there are different schools for students from different backgrounds. Although the number of students in the Six Schools in different periods of the Tang Dynasty changed from time to time, this kind ofThe method of determining the admission qualifications of students according to the ancestral officialsBut it has never changed.
Although this regulation of the admission status of government students in the Tang Dynasty is relatively distinctHierarchical characteristics。However, two of these advances are noteworthy: first, the Tang Dynasty used ancestral officials to determine the admission qualifications and educational resources enjoyed by children and grandchildren;
This is undoubtedly a big improvement compared with the pre-Tang Dynasty, especially during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the most official education resources were monopolized by the children of the gate lord clan.
Second, in the ** official school, the four disciplines, law, calligraphy and arithmetic clearly stipulate that the children of the common people are allowed to enroll。Both of these points show that the Tang Dynasty relaxed to a certain extent in the status restrictions of the holders of official education resources, which will undoubtedly promote the increase of the educational audience.
The Tang Dynasty was also rich in educational resources, with four levels of schools: state, county, township, and li. There are three types of magistrates:Classics, Medicine, and Metaphysics
The Tang Dynasty made a clear stipulation on the number of students in the local government schools: "There are 80 students in Kyoto, 60 each in the Dadu Prefecture, Zhongdu Governor's Office, and Shangzhou, 50 students in the Lower Metropolitan Governor's Mansion and Zhongzhou, 40 students in Xiazhou, 50 students in Jingxian County, 40 students in Shangxian County, 35 students in Zhongxian County, 35 students in Zhongxia County, and 20 students in Xiaxian County." ”
As far as the status of students is concerned, it can be seen from the following materials that most of the students of the local government school are children of the common people. In other words, in terms of student enrollment qualifications, there are more opportunities for children of ordinary people to use the resources of local government education.
And the Tang Dynasty was not only rich in official education resources, but alsoPrivate education resourcesIt is also abundant. In terms of types, there were six main types of private learning in the Tang Dynasty: secluded study, private lectures, private school, family study, and temple study.
From the perspective of the identity of educated students, all the above-mentioned types of private learning in the Tang Dynasty did not limit the identity of students, which means that whether they are children of noble families or children of ordinary people, they can use the above-mentioned private learning resources and have the same right to receive education in private learning.
Private education in the Tang Dynasty reversed the rigidity and rigidity of private education in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han DynastyIn a lively, dexterous form, the number of audiences for education has increased dramatically. Scholars do not end up with one teacher, but learn from many disciplines.
Teachers are not confined to their hometowns to give lectures, but are stationed in various places. Scholars and teenagers are looking for teachers to study in ancient temples in the mountains, and Hongxue is a master and a Confucian, and he recruits disciples all over the country. It is characterized by its variety of forms and the identity of students.
Private education in the Tang Dynasty broke for the second time in the history of feudal education in China"Learn in the government".The traditional situation will beConfucius "has education and no class".The educational ideology has been effectively implemented in the practice of education, and has typical socialization characteristics. As a result, it is conceivable that the number of private education audiences in the Tang Dynasty increased significantly.
The number of educational audiences can also be seen in the pre-Tang to Tang dynasties, as well as the strictness and relaxation of the restrictions on the status of the educated.
Qin's educational audience was limited to scholars。The number of students recruited by the two Han Dynasty ** official schools is limited, the rise and fall are impermanent, and the emphasis is on Taixue, but there are still some scholars from humble backgrounds who are interested in scholars who can enter Taixue Xi careers. Local government schools are in name only, there are not enough opportunities to study in government schools, and the number of education audiences is not large.
In the Han Dynasty, private learning was an important educational resource for students in Guangzhou, and although the bibliographies were not taught, the number of students was still considerable. Although all students and children of Gaomen had the opportunity to enroll in the Wei Dynasty, these educational resources were not fully utilized. All the students are just to escape from forced labor, the high school is shameful, and the school is in name only.
Although the two Jin Dynasty had first-class official education, especially the Western Jin Dynasty Taixue, it also provided educational opportunities for the children of the common people. However, the educational resources of these schools are not fully utilized, there are schools, there are students, and there are no recitations. The local government schools of the two Jin Dynasty are actually run by local officials, and most of the official schools run by them serve the children of the scholars.
The Southern Dynasty Liu Song Guozi School is an educational resource that serves the children of nobles. The educational resources of the ** official school of the Southern Qi Dynasty were completely monopolized by the children of the aristocracy. The common people and scholars of the Liang Dynasty all enjoyed the educational resources of the first official school. The official education resources of the Chen Dynasty are exclusive to the children of the nobility.
In terms of the breadth of popularity, education in the Tang Dynasty was more prominent than any previous dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there was not only a first-class official school, but also a stable and continuous local official school, and the scope of local official school even extended to the township. In addition to official schools, the Tang Dynasty had a variety of types of private schools that did not restrict the identity of students, which expanded the popularization of education to all parts of the country.
The expansion of the popularization of education in the Tang Dynasty was not only reflected in the existing government schoolsThere are also local government schools and countless private schools in prefectures, counties, and townships。Moreover, there are schools not only in developed areas, but also in remote and remote areas.
The official education in the Tang Dynasty was not empty, but truly covered a wide range of regions. In the Tang Dynasty, the official education system not only covered the capital Chang'an, but also extended to various places, such as prefectures and counties and even townships.
This wide geographical coverage enables more students to receive high-quality educational resources, thus broadening the channels for cultivating talents. In this education system, students can not only learn traditional classical knowledge, such as the Book Xi of Songs and the Analects, but also get in touch with the latest academic achievements and ideological trends.
Among them, some innovative and practical disciplines are particularly valued, such as law, medicine, astronomy, etc. The setting of these disciplines not only enriches the content of government education, but also enables students to better adapt to the development and changes of society.
Even, the official education in the Tang Dynasty also paid attention toCultivation of practical skills。While learning theoretical knowledge, students also need to receive various practical training, such as writing, debate, Xi, etc. These trainings are designed to develop students' practical skills and independent thinking skills, so that they can better develop their talents in their future careers.
Before the Sui and Tang dynasties, the education system never became an independent national political system, but only a part of the national etiquette system, and there was no clear direction and institutional guarantee in terms of training goals, educational ideas, and education and teaching.
The education system of the Tang Dynasty was well-prepared, established the educational idea of respecting saints and Confucianism, and completed the educational goal of combining the ancient scholars and scholars, especially the two-level system of government and school in the first and local areas, and the legalization and diversification of private learning, which were not possessed by any previous dynasty.
The complete and sound institutional guarantee of education in the Tang Dynasty was an important reason for the socialization of educational resources.
Under the guarantee of completeness and soundness, the official education system of the Tang Dynasty was relatively different from that of the pre-Tang DynastyLooseningCharacteristics, although there are certain access restrictions on the official school admission system, it is a huge improvement compared with the pre-Tang Dynasty because it is limited to the official titles of the father and ancestors, rather than the birth of the scholars.
*The four official schools, law, calligraphy, and arithmetic all provide certain opportunities for the children of ordinary people, and those who excel in their studies can go on to higher educationHigher-level schools such as Taixue and Guozixue, which enables the circulation of government education resources to a certain extent.
It is an organic part of the education system of the Tang Dynasty, and it complements and influences each other with the official schoolThe Tang Dynasty had a two-level system of education** and local parallelism.
The legalization and diversification of private education has provided more children from humble backgrounds with educational opportunities, making education a goal that can be achieved by most people, and further promoting the socialization of educational resources.
In the Tang Dynasty, these management systems of official and private schools enabled cultural education to be popularized on a large scale, and the cultural quality of the whole people was greatly improved.
It can be said that it has prepared the conditions for more people to become readers, for the improvement of the cultural quality of the educated, for the cultivation of the literary creation literacy of the educated, and then to join the literary creation team.
At the same time, education in the Tang Dynasty was closely integrated with politics and economics, and it was practicedTheocracyeducation system. The political stability of the Tang Dynasty and the importance that the rulers attached to education had a direct impact on education. After the unification of the Sui Dynasty, the official system was reformed, and the system of three provinces and six ministries was created to strengthen the imperial power.
At the local level, the state, county, and county system was reformed, the two-tier system of prefectures and counties was implemented, some prefectures and counties were merged, redundant officials were reduced, state financial expenditures were saved, and administrative management efficiency was improved.
Due to the short period of time that the Sui Dynasty enjoyed the kingdom and died out after only 37 years, this political system did not play its due role. Tang Chengsui system, continue to implement the system of three provinces and six ministries, further improve administrative institutions at all levels, and continue to implement it in the localitiesState and county two-tier system
During the Zhenguan period, the country was divided into ten provinces with the situation of mountains and rivers, and the provinces became administrative institutions above the prefectures and counties, thus strengthening the control of the local government. The Tang Dynasty also formulated a more lenient and concise Tang Law on the basis of the Sui Kaihuang Law.
The rule of officials is perfect and clear, the legal system is sound and relaxed, and the society is stable and tranquil, all of which created a good external environment for the development of education in the Tang Dynasty.
As well as the economic environment of the Tang Dynasty and the invention of paper, to a certain extent, they helped the prosperity and development of the education industry in the Tang Dynasty and the high literary and artistic achievements.
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