The Wa people, the ancestors of the De ang and Brown peoples, are probably the names of the Yangtze

Wen Wanwujun.

There are 56 ethnic groups in China, of which three speak the Mon-Khmer language group of the Austroasiatic language family, namely the Wa, De'ang and Brown (some ethnic groups also have Mon-Khmer languages, such as Kemu, Kemi, Buxing, Bumang, Hu, Mang, but they are classified as other ethnic groups). There are different opinions about their **, and there is no consensus. This is so because they are recorded very late in the history books.

In the case of the De'ang people, it was only recorded separately in the Qing Dynasty, and there was very little content recorded. According to the statistics of scholars, after the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are about 16 De'ang people (known as "Bolong", "Bolong", "Banglong", "Bo Rong") in various historical books, and the number of words is about 3,000 words. This is because, before the Ming and Qing dynasties, the De'ang people had not yet been separated separately. Coupled with the fact that the De'ang people do not have their own written language, their history is even more difficult to figure out.

It is human nature to ask questions.

Some Wa scholars believe that in the pre-Qin period, the Wa ancestors migrated from the Jianghan River Basin to the southwest and became one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. During the Qin and Han dynasties to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ancestors of the Wa nationality migrated from Kunming and Chuxiong in central Yunnan to Dali and Baoshan in western Yunnan several times, creating the "ancient mourning country". After that, they continued to migrate, so the vast area west of the Lancang River became inhabited by the Wa people.

This seems unreasonable, and if that were the case, their language would have been Sino-Tibetan rather than Austroasiatic.

However, it is also said that the name "krong" comes from the Austroasiatic language family. In the Mon-Khmer language, "krong" means big river. In the Mon language of the Mon people, the indigenous people of Myanmar, the "river" is krung. The Vietnamese word for "river" is song.

In addition, according to the literature, some people in southern China at that time called death "chad", and the Mon-Khmer language called "death" "chad".

Around the time of the Shang Dynasty, the merchants of the Central Plains gained a firm foothold in the Yangtze River basin for the first time, and there was not even the word "Jiang" in the oracle bone inscription. So quite possibly,Before the Shang Dynasty, the Jianghan region was inhabited by Austroasiatic-speaking ancestors, who may have been the ancestors of the Wa, De'ang, and Brown peoples.

In recent years, there have been many De'ang scholars emphasizing that their ethnic group is related to the "Golden Tooth State".

De'ang costumes.

The earliest record of the "golden tooth" was found in the Yunnan Chronicles of the Tang Dynasty. Later, it was also recorded in the "New Tang Dynasty Book" and "Yuan History".

Tang Dynasty Fan Xuan's "Yunnan Chronicles": "Yongchang City, the ancient mourning ......."Since the Lancang River has been west, the more the puff, its species and is Wangthozi. The vulgar is still brave, and the soil is full of horses. ......There are also hybrids such as gold teeth, lacquer teeth, silver teeth, embroidered feet, nose piercing, nudeness, grinding, and looking at foreign metaphors. ”

"New Tang Dynasty Book, Biography, Volume One Hundred and Forty-Seven": "The barbarian is a kind of Guannan, and its monarch is also, or it is called a blank edict." In the south of Yongchang, there are Mangtianlian, Mangtuxu, Dashan, Manchang, Mangqi, Mangshi, most of them are all species. Buildings, no castles. or lacquer teeth, or gold teeth. Dressed in green cloth shorts, showing the waist, with a silk cloth waist, out of the rest of the hanging back as a decoration. The woman is dressed in a five-colored sara. Elephants are like oxen, raised and cultivated. ”

"Yuan History, Benji, Volume VII": "Ding Wei, the three chiefs of the Golden Tooth and the Pi Kingdom, Amifu, Leding, and Ami Claw, came to attach and offer elephants.

3. Nineteen horses. ”

The southwestern frontier of the Tang Dynasty.

So what is the name of the "Golden Tooth"?Zhang Zhichun, a Baoshan man of the Ming Dynasty who was an official to the third grade of the servant, may have the most right to speak, he said in the article "Nanyuan Manlu Golden Tooth":

"Golden tooth, non-place name also. Things are seen in the Han and Tang dynasties, to the Yuan Dynasty, Burma cut eight hundred, covered by the Golden Tooth Yi, and then cut down the Golden Tooth countries, which is the so-called Yongchang outside the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, the present Da Bo Yi species. Later Yuan Litong Xifu in Yinshengdian, that is, the land of the Golden Tooth. There is Mengle Mountain in the land, and in the end it cannot be guarded, and the golden tooth is moved to Yongchang Mansion. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, Yongchang Mansion was slaughtered by Si Lun, and Li Guanyu commanded Li Guanyu to take charge of Yongchang Mansion with the seal of Tongxi Mansion. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Dali Golden Tooth and other places were set up in Yongchang, and the distinction between inside and outside was still strict. ”

In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the main inhabitants living in this area were the Dai people, so the Golden Tooth Yi should be the Dai people.

The southwestern frontier of the Yuan Dynasty.

In addition, Zhang Zhichun called the "Golden Tooth Yi" as the Da Bo Yi species, what is the "Da Bo Yi"?"Boyi" means "Baiyi" and "white clothes". "Golden Tooth Baiyi" is the ancient name of the Dai people.

Since the ancestors of the Wa, De'ang and Brown tribes are not "golden-toothed barbarians", who else could they be?

Fang Guoyu, a generation of grandmasters who studied the history of local ethnic groups in Yunnan, believed from beginning to end: "Ailao is the Pu people, later known as Puman, that is, the ancient tribal organization of the Brown, Bulong, and Brao (Wa) tribes. ”

Some scholars also say that the "Puziman" is the ancestor of the present-day Brown and De'ang people, and the "Wangman" is the ancestor of the present-day Wa people.

Wa costumes. However, some scholars disagree with this statement.

Zhang Zengqi said: "Puman, Puziman or Wangman are the northern nomads who moved into the western Yunnan region, and they have nothing to do with the Mon-Khmer people. ”

You Zhong also pointed out: "The Ailao tribe has been mistaken for the ancestral tribe of the Dai or Brown tribes in modern times. In fact, this is a tribe in the Kunming tribal group in western Yunnan, and it is one of the ancestral tribes of the Yi people. ”

What is "Puman"?In fact, Pu Man has two:

One is the ancestors of the Jingpo people, who were originally called naked Pu, and later called naked barbarians, and then called Puman.

The second is the so-called flutter man or wangman by scholars such as Fang Guoyu and Zhang Zengqi.

Let's first take a look at how the history books record the flutter man or the wang man:

Chang Xuan's "Huayang National Chronicles: Nanzhong Chronicles": "Yongchang County, the ancient mourning country. Mourning, mountain name also. There was a woman named Sha Tan, who lived at the foot of the Ailao Mountain, and lived by fishing. Suddenly, I touched a sinking wood in the water, and I felt it. In October, ten men were born. Later, Shen Mu turned into a dragon ......Outside the wilderness, the mountains and rivers are deep, and since the people, they have not tasted China. The ancestor of Kunming in the south. To the twenty-third year of the founding of the martial arts. Send the envoy to Yue Yue Taishou, and he is willing to lead the people to return to righteousness and pay tribute. The Patriarch thought that he was a vassal country in the west. It is 3,000 miles from east to west and 4,600 miles from north to south. There are chest-piercing, Dan-ear species, Min Yue Pu, dove. Its commanders are all kings. Emperor Xiaoming Yongping for 12 years, mourning and suppressing wolves and sending his sons to dedicate. Emperor Ming is the county, and Zheng Chun of Shu County is the guard. It belongs to eight counties, 60,000 households, 6,900 miles to Luo, and the southwest of Ningzhou. There are Min Pu, Gu Fang, Xuan Yue, Naked Pu, and poisonous people. ”

Tang Dynasty Fan Xuan's "Yunnan Chronicles": "Yongchang City, the ancient mourning ......."Since the Lancang River has been west, the more the puff, its species and is Wangthozi. The vulgar is still brave, and the soil is full of horses. ......”

1. The royal family of Ailao is a descendant of Jiulong. Through the interpretation of the myths of Jiulong, it is generally believed that they originated from Diqiang. Therefore, the royal family of Ailao is the Qiang people.

Bronze sculpture of the mother of the sand mound.

Second, the Ailao royal family is Min Yuepu, and its descendants are Puziman and Wangman, so Puziman and Wangman must also be descendants of Diqiang. Therefore, the "Yunnan Chronicles" said that they were "vulgar and brave, and the soil is more than horses", and if it was the Wa, De'ang and Brown tribes who spoke Mon Khmer language, they would not be so "still brave" and "Doma".

Neither "Golden Tooth", nor "Puman, Puziman, or Wangman", who are the ancestors of the Wa, De'ang and Brown tribes?

Brown costumes.

Let's go back to the Austroasiatic language family.

As mentioned earlier, the name of the Yangtze River, "krong", comes from the Mon-Khmer language, and there are many similar words:

Chinese Chu language: "There are five views of enlightenment". Kan is the meaning of "son". In Jiangyin, Changshu, Xinchang, Xiangshan and other places in Zhejiang, children are called "officials", and in the Jieyang dialect of Fujian language, children are called "officials". In other words, "guan", like "jiang", also comes from the South Asian language. This means that people in the Wu and Min speaking areas speak Austroasiatic. In Austroasia, the words for "son, child" also include "Ma San Kuan" and "Meng Mercury Kuan" in the Wa dialect. In De'ang, the son is "koon aliag". In Brown, "kon" means child.

The Book of Poetry, Chen Feng, and the Prevention of the Magpie's Nest": "To prevent the magpie's nest, there is a purpose." "Qiong" means hill. "Mountain" is basically ri in Tibetan and Rong languages, tog in Burmese, pum in Jingpo and Achang, pum55 in Xiandao, and pum51 in Zaiwa. In Austroasia, "mountain" is gog, ghog, kog, etc., which is close to Qiongyin.

To sum up, in ancient times, the Pu people living in the Yangtze River basin should have spoken Austroasiatic.

The Historical Records of the Chu Family said, "(King Wu of Chu) began to open up the land. Lu Simian said that in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Pu people's activity areas included Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.

In this case, the ancestors of the Wa, De'ang and Brown tribes should be the Pu people who lived in Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other vast areas. It is only that the Pu people near the Central Plains have gradually been assimilated, and only a small part of the Pu people living in Yunnan have been able to preserve their own language.

Therefore, Fang Guoyu said that "mourning for the Pu people" has a certain truth. In short, the main ethnic group of Ailao was the local indigenous Pu people, and later the Qiang people, who were the father of Jiulong, came to the local area along the Tibetan-Qiang-Yi corridor and became the local royal family. With the advancement of the times, most of the local Pu people were integrated into the Tibetan-Qiang-Yi people or the Dong Dai people, and the language changed to the Tibeto-Burman language group or the Dong Dai language group. Only a small percentage of the Pu people are able to maintain the Austroasiatic language because they live in remote mountains.

To make a summary: 1. In ancient times, the entire Yangtze River basin from Minyue to Yunnan and Sichuan lived Pu people who spoke Austroasiatic.

2. Later, in the eastern region, the Chinese population moved south, causing the South Asian language of the Pu people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to disappear completelyIn the western and southwestern regions, the southward migration of the Tibeto-Burman language population and the westward movement of the Dong Dai language population led to a change in the language of most of the Pu people, and only a small number of people preserved their language.

3. Indochina is close to South China, so their indigenous language is also Australasiatic. Later, the northern part of Indochina was occupied by the Dong Dai speaking people, and only the southern and eastern parts such as Cambodia and Vietnam still maintained the Austroasiatic language.

4. In short, the disappearance of the Austroasiatic language in vast areas of China was caused by the southward migration of the Tibeto-Burman and Chinese languages, as well as the westward expansion of the Dong Dai language.

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