01 The fledgling road to independence.
When many people think of Mongolia, the first thing that comes to mind is the Mongols, but few people know that there is also an independent country called Mongolia in the north of our country. Despite its association with "Mongolia", there is a complex historical connection between the two, and in fact, the current state of Mongolia became independent from our country.
Mongolia, also known as Outer Mongolia, is a territory lost to modern China. During the Yuan Dynasty, this was one of the most extensive dynasties in the history of our country, and it was also one of the few periods ruled by foreigners. With the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the rulers were always worried about the possible resurgence of Mongol power, so in order to strengthen their rule, Mongolia was divided into two parts, Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia.
With the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty's rule gradually weakened, and the implementation of the policy of closing the country to the outside world lagged far behind the Western countries. After the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty was even more troubled. In this situation of internal and external troubles, Mongolia had the idea of independence.
Despite Outer Mongolia's desire for independence, it could not be achieved by its weak forces alone. However, at this time, Tsarist Russia, which borders Outer Mongolia, intervened. In order to expand the scope of its rule, Tsarist Russia began to support the independence of Outer Mongolia. With the support of Tsarist Russia, Outer Mongolia became more bold and even expelled the Qing ministers. Despite this, the Qing Dynasty was reluctant to recognize the independent status of Mongolia until the establishment of China.
With the establishment of ***, in order to obtain the support and recognition of the international community, Outer Mongolia signed an agreement with Tsarist Russia to agree to autonomy. After that, China basically lost control of Outer Mongolia, and it was not until the end of World War II that the status of Outer Mongolia attracted attention again. After a series of discussions and voting, Outer Mongolia formally joined the United Nations on October 27, 1961, which was widely recognized by the international community.
In order to truly achieve independence, Outer Mongolia has made efforts in many aspects. However, the cultural development after independence was not all smooth sailing, especially in restoring the use of the traditional Mongolian script.
02 The whole country is in debt, and bad luck is inevitable.
Mongolia, which finally realized its desire for independence, did not live a good life, but fell into a situation where the whole country was in debt. Despite having the world's second-largest inland land area, rich mineral resources and a well-developed livestock industry, Mongolia is struggling.
Mongolia has closed internal transportation and no coastline, and any product that wants to be exported needs to pass through China and Russia, resulting in high tariffs. There are only two railways in the country, one to Russia and the other to China, which makes Mongolia's internal transportation extremely limited.
The homogeneous structure of the economy is another obstacle to Mongolia's development. The economy is highly dependent on the export of resources, but industrialization is difficult to achieve due to traffic congestion. Lacking a clear development plan and goals, Mongolia began to follow the example of the Soviet Union, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was in trouble and could only rely on the export of mineral resources.
A country that is highly dependent on resource exports faces significant economic risks. Mongolia's economic structure is too homogeneous, with one-third of its GDP being achieved mainly through the export of mineral resources. Aware of the limited consumption of mineral resources, the country began to explore other development paths, but with limited success.
03 Where to go, challenges and prospects.
In addition to mineral resources, Mongolia is mainly dependent on nomadic pastoralism. However, in recent years, due to the harsh environment, livestock resources have decreased, resulting in a decline in the production of livestock and mineral resources. The industrial level is backward, the tertiary industry is underdeveloped, and the withdrawal of foreign-funded enterprises has increased the number of unemployed. Mongolia tried to alleviate the crisis by borrowing, but its external debt was several times the country's GDP, leading to severe inflation.
Faced with an economic downturn and a lack of talent in the field of technology, Mongolia is in a difficult situation. Due to the high dependence on foreign technology and capital, divestment has led to a loss of technology and experience, resulting in insufficient exploitation of mineral resources. Mongolia had to print a lot of money, which led to inflation, skyrocketing prices, and a difficult life for the people.
In 2020, affected by the epidemic, Mongolia's GDP growth was negative, and its economic aggregate was much lower than during the economic crisis in 2008. In contrast, the per capita GDP of Mongolia is much higher than that of Mongolia, and the development gap between the two is huge.
Faced with a dire situation, Mongolia needs to assess the situation and find a new path of development. Returning to China's embrace may be an option worth considering. Today's China has grown rapidly and is in a position to go a long way in helping Mongolia out of its predicament.
Mongolia needs to develop a clear development plan to diversify its economic structure, increase its level of industrialization and develop high-tech industries. At the same time, we should strengthen domestic and foreign cooperation, attract foreign investment, cultivate domestic talents, and build a sustainable economic system. Only with the efforts of various parties can Mongolia get rid of the predicament of the whole country in debt and usher in a brighter future.
Title: Mongolia's Dilemma and the Way Out: Reflections and Prospects.
The article profoundly analyzes the huge difficulties that Mongolia has faced since independence, highlighting its national debt and economic structure.
First, the decline of animal husbandry and other issues. This article vividly presents the process of Mongolia's independence through a clear historical background, so that readers can have a clearer understanding of the historical context of its development.
In the article, Mongolia's geographical location has become one of the constraints to its development, and the closure of transportation makes it difficult to easily export resources, which poses a considerable obstacle to its economy. The homogeneity of the economic structure makes Mongolia extremely vulnerable to global market fluctuations, and its high dependence on the export of mineral resources multiplies its economic risks.
The decline of nomadic pastoralism has made Mongolia even worse, and the economic losses caused by the decline of livestock resources have put it under greater pressure to survive. Through a detailed analysis of these issues, the article makes the reader deeply lamented the difficult situation in which Mongolia finds itself.
At the same time, the article clearly points out the measures taken by Mongolia in response to the crisis, and the inflation caused by massive borrowing and currency printing has undoubtedly exacerbated the country's economic difficulties. The withdrawal of foreign-funded enterprises has caused the outflow of talents in the high-tech field, which has put Mongolia in a state of urgent need to save scientific and technological innovation.
However, it is reassuring to note that the article concludes with a possible way out for the future of Mongolia. Returning to China's bosom and building on China's development achievements may be a wise way for Mongolia to get out of its predicament. At the same time, the importance of measures such as formulating a clear development plan, promoting a diversified economy, and strengthening internal and external cooperation was emphasized.
Overall, the article objectively presents Mongolia's economic problems through in-depth analysis and concludes with some constructive points. As readers, we empathize with Mongolia's plight and look forward to its future development. It is hoped that Mongolia will be able to find a viable path of development on the basis of lessons learned.
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