At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Tsarist Russia rose from the ruins of Napoleon's empire and seized "hegemony over the countries of Europe", becoming an obstacle to European history.
During this centennial period in which the "barbaric powers" acted as the "gendarmes of Europe" and the bastion of reaction, Russia, with its great military power on land, put Europe under the threat of aggression and expansion. As early as the 18th century, Russia divided Poland three times with Prussia and Austria, and at the beginning of the 19th century, the Congress of Vienna went further to annex Poland, expanding its power into the heart of Europe. Estonia and Latvia in the north, as well as Ukraine and Moldova in the south, became part of the Russian Empire.
This European hegemon in the 19th century constantly tried to conquer all of Europe, trying to see the tsar as the "master of all Europe". Russia's expansion in all respects, including its desire for Constantinople and the Black Sea straits, as well as its expansion in the Balkans, made it the most serious threat to the independence of European states.
Serfdom and military feudalism: the reactionary role of Russia.
Russia was not only a "barbaric power", but as a serfdom state and a military feudal empire, it has always been the bastion of European reaction and the general backstage. After the French Revolution, Russia became the center of international reaction, brutally opposing and suppressing revolutions throughout Europe. Both the Polish uprising of 1830 and the European revolution of 1848 were suppressed and supported by Russia, so that the revolutionary movement was stifled with the cooperation of the reactionaries.
Russia's hatred of the workers made it a fierce enemy of the proletarian revolutionary movement in Europe. In the struggle between the revolution and the counter-revolution in Europe, Russia has always been the "gendarme of Europe" and has become "a powerful pillar of reactionary forces in Europe".
Behind the scenes of European politics**: Russia's source of war.
In order to achieve hegemony in Europe, Tsarist Russia** not only deepened the antagonism between European countries, but also often encouraged and supported the powerful powers to defeat their opponents through war. For example, in 1859 it supported France and Italy in defeating Austria, and in 1866 and 1870 respectively, Prussia defeated Austria and France. However, in 1891, seeing the rise of Germany, Russia conspired with France to wage war against Germany. As a result, Russia has also become "the backstage pillar of militarism throughout Europe" and an important source of war in Europe.
Eliminating the Tsarist Menace: A Turning Point in World History.
As Engels, the teacher of the proletarian revolution, put it, the elimination of the Tsar, "the scourge that threatens the whole of Europe" and the number one enemy, would "change the face of the whole of Europe at once" and become "a turning point in the history of the world." In the seventies of the nineteenth century, Marx and Engels pointed out on many occasions that Russia would become the focal point of imperialist contradictions, and that the Russian revolution would also be put on the agenda, brewing a revolutionary storm.
Conclusion: The curtain call of the hegemony of Tsarist Russia.
In this article, we review the hegemonic rise of Tsarist Russia in European history, as well as its role as a reactionary force. Russia's expansion and aggression have become a threat to European countries, and serfdom and military feudalism behind it have made it a bulwark of European reaction. With the development of the times, the elimination of the threat of Tsarist Russia became a key turning point in the history of Europe and the world, opening up new possibilities for future development.
The history of Russia's rise to European hegemony at the beginning of the nineteenth century was a controversial and profound one. This article vividly depicts the process by which Tsarist Russia rose to prominence on the ruins of Napoleon's empire and became "the hegemon over the countries of Europe." However, this hegemony is not only a geographical expansion, but also a great obstacle to the historical development of Europe.
First of all, the article emphasizes the characteristics of Russia as a "barbaric power", with a strong military power on land. This made Russia the focus of European expansion and aggression, and the annexation of Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and other places, as well as the desire for Constantinople and the Black Sea straits, all posed a threat to European stability. The article uses vivid language to reveal the situation in which Russia outflanked Europe in both the north and the south, making it a "huge disaster" in the international political arena at that time.
Secondly, the article points to the dual identity of Russia as a serfdom state and a military feudal empire. These two characteristics have made Russia a bastion of European reaction and a general backstage, carrying out brutal opposition and bloody suppression of the revolutionary movements in European countries. Especially after the French Revolution, Russia's repression of Poland, Hungary and other places, as well as its intervention in the European revolution, made it the center of international reactionary forces.
The article also highlights Russia's behind-the-scenes role in European politics, deepening the antagonism between European countries by supporting stronger countries to defeat their opponents in war. This makes Russia not only a hegemonic power, but also a backstage pillar of militarism throughout Europe, providing a source for war in Europe. Engels is quoted in the article, stating that the elimination of the tsarist threat would be a turning point in an immediate change in the face of Europe as a whole, opening up new possibilities for European and world history.
Overall, the article paints a vivid picture of Russia's rise at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the role it played in European history. However, a more in-depth historical analysis may be needed to determine whether Russia's hegemony was really an obstacle to European history, as well as the international environment and internal problems it faced at the time.
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