One husband is a pass, and ten thousand people are not open", in the long hole of history. Hangu Pass can be described as a test strip of magic. It can detect the sudden change in history. The world is full of twists and turns.
If there is a will, it can be done, and the one hundred and two Qin Passes will eventually belong to Chu;Hard-working people, the sky is not bearable, lying on the salary to taste the gall, three thousand Yuejia can swallow Wu. This widely circulated couplet has often inspired people to work hard and has been widely quoted throughout the ages.
The "pass" mentioned in the "one hundred and two Qin Pass" in the couplet should refer to Hangu Pass. "Historical Records: Gaozu Benji" cloud: "Qin, the country of victory, with the danger of rivers and mountains, the county (hanging) is thousands of miles apart, holding a million halberds, and Qin has a hundred and two Yan." "History, on both sides of the Hanguguan road, "the cliff on the Berlin in the valley, the sun is not visible", the east from the Kunshan Mountain, the west to Tongjin, the deep danger is like a letter, known as the natural danger, as the "Water Jing Note" said: "The car can not be square, the horse can not be bridled." ”
The two armies faced each other, and the defenders only needed to block this narrow pass, and even if there were thousands of strong chariots and 10,000 horses outside, it was difficult to be sharp in front of the Hangu Pass. Therefore, Hangu Pass has been a battleground for soldiers since ancient times, and it is known as "the sky opens Hangu Zhuangguan, and the valley is shocked to the north sky", "next to the twin peaks towering river, a battlefield in Hangu since ancient times".
Throughout the ages, Hanguguan has often been associated with the name of the Great Qin Empire, which can be described as sharing honor and disgrace and sharing weal and woe. Because of the Hangu Pass, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and the Kunshan Road, which is "no less than walking between the Taihangs", the Qin State was able to hold its territory, attack eastward according to the danger, and finally swept the six countries and dominated the world. It was precisely because of the loss of Hangu Pass that the Great Qin Empire perished in just a few decades.
The Qin State in the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, there is Hangu Pass in the east, Wuguan in the south, Sanguan in the west, and Xiao Pass in the north, which is known as the "country of the four stops". In this "country of four stops", it is the Guanzhong Plain, which is known as the "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan". Judging from the topographic map of China, the topography of the 800-mile Qinchuan River is "high on all sides and low in the middle", which not only leads to the formation of a country of four stops in the plains surrounded by mountains, but also the mountain valleys where the plains and mountains are combined have naturally become the most favorable passes for defense in the era of cold weapons.
The satellite map shows it more intuitively, the Qin State is sandwiched between Zhongtiao Mountain, Huashan Mountain and Kunshan Mountain, and in the middle is a passage hundreds of miles long, this long passage closely connects the Central Plains with Chang'an. The Hangu Pass is the most important node on this channel, like the "Adam's apple" of the throat artery, controlling the passage between Guanzhong and the Central Plains. This is a treasure of Feng Shui from God. The Wei River, Jing River, Luo River and their tributaries, after thousands of years of accumulation, form a fertile alluvial plain.
The narrow and long valley starts from Baoji in the west, reaches Tongguan in the east, borders the Qinling Mountains in the south, and connects Weibei in the north, and the Wei River flowing from west to east is like a silver ribbon, surrounding the entire Guanzhong Plain. One of the major characteristics of the alluvial plain is the accumulation of fertilizer, fertile loess with a loose structure, which is easy to clear the original vegetation and cultivate the land. Therefore, the 800-mile Qinchuan became the birthplace of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Legend has it that the ancestors of the Zhou people "sowed the five grains", they have been able to skillfully manage the farmland, select good seeds, weeding, insect control, etc., and also invented the wheel famine system and the leisure system, and the agricultural production technology has made great progress. Therefore, the emperors of all dynasties coveted the fat and creamy land of Qinchuan for eight hundred miles. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan" was already a place where every inch of land must be fought for in the eyes of the princes. There is the Spring and Autumn "Zuo Chuan" as evidence, in the thirteenth year of Lu Xugong (647 B.C.), there was a famine in the Jin Kingdom, Qin lost millet to Jin, and Qin Duyong sent a large fleet of ships to transport grain along the waterway to the Jin Kingdom, known as the "Battle of the Rafting Boat". "The soil is only yellow soil, and the yellow soil is on top. The record of "Shangshu Yugong" can also be confirmed.
Sima Qian also has beautiful words in the "Historical Records": "Guanzhong is from Wei and Yong to the east of the river and Hua, and the soil is fertile for thousands of miles, and the tribute from Yu Xia is thought to be Shangtian." Hundreds of years later, Ban Gu praised in the Book of Han: "There are Edu bamboo forests in Qindi, and Tanzhe in Nanshan, known as land and sea, and they are the anointment of Kyushu." The so-called "land and sea" means the sea on land, which means that it is as rich as the ocean.
Sima Qian wrote in the "Historical Records: The Biography of the Goods and Colonies": "Therefore, the land in Guanzhong is one-third of the world, and the people are only tithes;However, the amount of wealth is even sixth. This shows that under the production conditions at that time, the prosperity of the Guanzhong region was remarkable. To this day, "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan" is still recognized as the "granary of Shaanxi".
Throughout the history of warfare in Chinese history, whenever there was a confrontation between two political blocs located in "Guanzhong" and "Central Plains" respectively, the two sides would inevitably take Hangu Pass as the first priority to fight for. If the Guanzhong side occupies the Hangu Pass, it will be enough to protect the eastern gateway of Guanzhong;If the Central Plains side occupies Hangu Pass, then Guanzhong will be in danger.
Guanzhong" and "Central Plains", whoever owns Hangu Pass can stand alone in the world. Throughout the ages, countless classic examples can be corroborated. Liu Bang guarded the pass and refused Xiang Yu, and the two staged the famous "Hongmen Banquet" through the ages;In the sixteenth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao courted Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, and he went to Hangu Pass;Ma Chao led 100,000 soldiers to defend Tongguan (that is, the north of Hangu Pass), Cao Cao could not overcome it for a long time, so he had to cross the Yellow River north;During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Eastern Wei Dynasty was in the third year of Tianping, Gao Huan led the army to attack the Tongguan with the fierce general Dou Tai, and led the main force to cross the river from Puban, and the Western Wei Yuwentai concentrated the elite, relying on the danger of Hangu Pass, and broke the Dou Tai army;At the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, after Li Yuan entered the Guanzhong, he sent his son Li Jiancheng to build a military garrison in Hangu Pass, thus creating a ...... of the Tang DynastyThe "last battle" that Hangu Pass has experienced so far is the "Battle of Hangu Pass" in 1944 when the squadron resisted the Japanese invading army.
If we look a little further, we can see the unrivalled value of Hanguseki. Hangu Pass is located in today's Lingbao County, western Henan, named after the Qin Xian Gong Nian (384-362 B.C.), because "the road is in the valley, deep and dangerous like a letter, so it is named".
During the Warring States Period, the symbol of the division between the east and the west was Hangu Pass. "The Qin State got its place and placed the pass", as a facility to defend the Kwantung princes, around the "time of dedication". During the Warring States period, the other six states of the Warring States Seven Heroes except Qin united against the Qin State, and the Qin State repeatedly successfully resisted the offensive of the Six Nations Alliance at Hangu Pass. Jia Yi of the Western Han Dynasty has a wonderful passage in his famous political treatise "On the Passage of Qin": "So the people of the Six Kingdoms ......Taste ten times the land, millions of people, knock on the pass and attack Qin. The Qin people switched and extended the enemy, and the division of the Nine Kingdoms did not dare to enter. The "pass" of "switching and extending the enemy" is Hangu Pass. In the third year of King Shenliang of Zhou (318 BC), Sun Yan, the prince of Wei, was the mastermind, and the king of Chu Huai raised the divisions of Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan and Chu to attack Qin.
Wei suffered the heaviest losses in this battle, so he sued for peace with Qin through Chu. At this time, Yiqujun took advantage of the battle between Qin and the Five Kingdoms Alliance to attack Qin from the rear. Qin was held back by Yiqu and could no longer engage in war with the Five Nations Alliance, so he agreed to make peace. In the sixth year of Qin Shi Huang (241 BC), Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, and Wei joined forces to attack Qin for the last time.
Hanguguan was not always surnamed "Qin", and the territory of this area was not originally the land of Qin. Tracing back to the source, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the danger of the Kunshan Road (there was no Hangu Pass at that time) was always in the hands of the Jin people. ** good is just a distant and beautiful legend, the Spring and Autumn Period, the two countries, can be regarded as a pair of enemies. In the spring of 627 B.C., Qin Mugong did not accept the advice of Baili Xi and Jian Shu, sent 300 military vehicles, and sneaked away to attack Zheng State (now Xinzheng City, Henan). Due to the leak of secrets halfway, it was fruitless. What's even more unfortunate is that the Jin State set up an ambush in Kunshan Mountain, and the Qin army was annihilated, and only the wheel was not returned. The Jin State dominated the Central Plains and blocked the Qin State's eastward journey, which was equivalent to directly cutting off the Qin people's dream of competing for the Central Plains.
Gu Fuchu, a famous student of the Qing Dynasty, has an insightful view: "In the spring and autumn period, the seventy-year war was fought to fight for the letter." And the reason why Qin can't succeed in the end is that he can't be compromised. He also believed: "For 200 years, the Qin people held their breath and did not dare to send troops, so they also did." It can be seen from this that a small pass almost cut off the lifeblood of the Qin people. In desperation, the Qin State turned to the Chu State and repeatedly followed the Chu State to attack the Jin State. There are more than ten battles clearly recorded in "Zuo Biography". In this way, the Qin people endured for hundreds of years. After a hundred years of waiting, what is waiting for is a good situation of "three families divided".
In 376 B.C., the Marquis of Wei Wu, the Marquis of Han Ai, and the Marquis of Zhao Jing divided the Jin Kingdom, which was known as the "Three Families of Jin" in history. When the Jin superpower, the Spring and Autumn Period, disintegrated itself and weakened its national strength, it was the day when the Qin State plotted against the Central Plains. The famous pass of Hangu Pass finally appeared in the historical records of the Qin State for the first time in 318 BC. Since then, the nightmare of the Kwantung princes has gradually opened.
The sudden changes in history and the ups and downs of the world.
When "Lao Tzu rode a green ox out of the customs", he once issued the praise of "the Tao travels the world, Derun the ancient and modern, respects the Tao and honors virtues, and the unity of heaven and man", and then wrote the "Tao Te Ching" that has been passed down through the ages.
For thousands of years, many Taoists and Taoists at home and abroad have made pilgrimages here to worship their ancestors.
Historical events such as "Purple Qi Coming from the East", "Chicken Singing Dog Thief", "Gongsun White Horse", "Xuanzong Reform Yuan" and other historical events all revolve around Hangu Pass.
Thousands of years of glitz, wind and rain, no matter what, Hanguguan has been standing there quietly.
It is just a pass, but it has changed the vast historical process of China countless times.