Author: Xu Jie.
In the Jin inscriptions of the late Shang and early Zhou dynasties, there is a kind of mysterious symbols that are very pictographic like pictures, some experts believe that they are pictures, and some experts believe that they are clan inscriptions. This article is in favor of the family emblem theory. According to the statistics of Wang Changfeng's "Research on the Family Emblem of Yin and Zhou Jinwen", "there are about 16,000 inscriptions of Yin and Zhou Jinwen materials at present, of which there are more than 8,000 inscriptions of family emblems in the inscriptions, accounting for about half." "By the end of 2012, we had recounted a total of 2,168 different forms of family emblems with the characteristics of family emblems. Among these different forms of family emblems, according to the family emblem dragon head character system, it is initially divided into more than 370 types of family emblem dragon head character groups, and then refined into 604 types of family emblem dragon head character groups. A brief introduction to this option is as follows:
Research on the Emblem of the Yin Zhou Jin Wen Clan", by Wang Changfeng, published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
Father B Ding, "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 1523, late Shang period, inscription: "Father B." Raise. "Lift, the family emblem word, its image such as "a person with both hands holding a child on the bed", in the province of my interpretation for example, this article from it. There are currently about 300 pieces of gold inscriptions with the "lifting" family emblem. According to Yu Youcang's "Comprehensive Study on the Bronze Household Emblem Characters of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties", the golden inscription with the "lifting" family emblem first appeared in the third phase of Yinxu, and the latest was in the Spring and Autumn Period. Whether in terms of duration or quantity, it can be shown that the Ju clan is a huge ethnic group.
Experts and scholars have different interpretations of the family name and place of the Ju clan. Yin Shengping's "Research on the Bronze Group of the Wei Family of the Western Zhou Dynasty" believes that the Ju family is the surname of the child. Chen Jie's "Research on the Surname System of Shang and Zhou" believes that the Ju family is a surname. Xie Mingwen's "Shang Dynasty Jinwen Research" believes that the Ju family is the surname of Him. Chen Bingxin and Li Lifang's "Collection of Historical Materials of the Unearthed Yi Nationality" believe that the Ju people belong to the Dongyi ethnic group.
A Study of Jin Wen in the Shang Dynasty, by Xie Mingwen, published by Zhongxi Book Company.
戉兀 (戉上兀下) Ding, Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection, 1023, late Shang period, inscription: "戉兀 (戉上兀下)." Li Xiaoding's "Appendix to Jin Wen Xulin" said: "This character is from the 戉, from the big headless, it is a pictogram for a torturer." "Yin Zhou Jin Wen Integrated Commentary" is interpreted as "聝". "Saying Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Hearing, the military war is also broken." "The Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period" said: "I thought I was a captive." 'From the ear or sound. Yu, 聝 or from the beginning. ”
This article feels that this character may reflect a punishment of beheading in the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty had "Tang Punishment", Tang was the founding monarch Shang Tang, because of the nostalgia for Shang Tang, so it was named after Tang. "Zuo Chuan: The Sixth Year of Zhao Gong": "Shang has a chaotic government, and he is punished by soup." "During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the national civilization was in the process of being formed, so the Tang punishment should belong to a barbaric tribal customary law, and there may be many barbaric and bloody punishments. According to the statistics of his book "Research on the Ethnic Emblem of Yin Zhou Jinwen", there are at least 35 pieces of Jinwen with the "Huda" family emblem.
夂兀 (夂上兀下) 盉, "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 9305, late Shang Dynasty vessel, the cover of the vessel with the inscription: "夂兀 (夂上兀下)." "Integration" is followed by 夂兀 (夂上煀下), from 夂 from 夂兀, interpreted as Zu Wu (left foot right vulture). Li Xiaoding's "Jin Wen Xulin Appendix" said: "The word is like an inverted shape, that is, the seal of the seal." Descending like a man without a head. The authors of the golden graphic text should be interpreted, and there seems to be no one who has made a heavenly solution. There is no head here, and it should not be confused with the shape of the head. The pictogram of a person who was sentenced to death in the next 2039 (i.e., the "戉兀" in the previous text) is headless, which can be proven, and the characters are unreadable. In this article, I feel that the upper part of the character is more like the image of the side of an open finger. This, like the aforementioned character "戉兀 (戉上兀下)", may be a reflection of a cruel punishment of twisting the head in the Shang Dynasty.
胄甗, "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 777, late Shang vessels, inscription: "胄." This is from Li Xiaoding's interpretation, Li Xiaoding's "Jin Wen Xulin Appendix" said: "The word is like the shape of the head of the person, when it is the ancient text of the body, the Jin Wen Xuan character is made, the upper is like the shape of the body, the lower is from the eye, and the ancient eyes are the first also, this is the upper work, that is, the shape of the elephant, the shape of the body is different, so the image is different, and the lower is large, which is the characteristic of the original picture and text. ”
Xuan, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Dou Gong also." From the sound of the voice. "Pocket, "Saying Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Pocket, the first armor also." "The first armor, that is, the helmet, was called the dou in the Han Dynasty, and the pre-Qin was called the guan.
Ji Thief Ding, Yin Zhou Jin Wen Collection, 1294, late Shang period, inscription: "Ji thief." "Thief, Yan Zhibin's "Shang Jin Wen Edition" is interpreted as a thief, and this article is from it. Thief, "Saying Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Defeat." From Gozesheng. "Paragraph Note" cloud: "The destroyer, the lack is also." "Zuo Biography": Zhou Gong made an oath and said: If you destroy it, you will be a thief ......According to the cloud of Bei's will, it is the word thief to destroy Bei with a Ge Ruo knife, and it will mean rather than shape and sound. Say something a little different. With the oath of Zhou, it is in line with the will. "Defeated, "Saying Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Destroy also." From the shellfish. The thieves are all from Bei, and they will understand. From this, it can be seen that the original intention of the thief was to use the meaning of destroying Bei as a clan name here. According to Wang Changfeng's statistics, there are at least 10 pieces of gold inscriptions with the "thief" family emblem.
Ya Xi Gui, Yin Zhou Jin Wen Collection, 3093, late Shang period, inscription: "Ya Xi." Xi, Hu Qijun and Wang Xinchun's "Selected Emblems of the Jin Wen Clan of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties" explained: "Xi, from the claw, the unit, the general meaning. The claw is the hand, the silk is the rope, and the big is the person. Words are like grabbing the hair of another person with one hand, and the shape of fate. Luo Zhenyu interprets the original meaning of "giving the intention of sin." Xi, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "Big belly also." From the end, the silk (爫上絲下) is provincial. 爫絲, 籀文字。 ”
The Selected Emblems of the Jin Wen Clan of the Shang and Zhou Dynasty believes: "Xi is one of the ancient Chinese surnames, originated in the Xia Dynasty, is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, and comes from the surname Ren. Its ancestor was Yuyang, one of the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, who was enshrined in Rendi (now Jining, Shandong), so it was surnamed Ren. Sun Zhong, who is of Yuyang descent, eats in Xia Xi (now Chengde, Hebei), known as Xi Zhong in history, and the official to Che Zheng (the official who manages and makes the car opinion), and the descendants of Xi Zhong take Xi as their surname. ”
According to the statistics of Wang Changfeng's "Research on the Jin Wen Clan Emblem of Yin and Zhou", there are at least 10 Jin inscriptions with the "Xi" family emblem.
Selected Emblems of the Jin Wen Clan of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, written by Hu Qijun and Wang Xinchun, published by Xueyuan Publishing House.
The inscription "The Father of the Yin Zhou Dynasty" 6443, the late Shang Dynasty, the inscription: "The father of the Deng. "Sigh, release from Cheng Shaoxuan. (See page 138 of the second volume of "Research on Unearthed Documents and Ancient Characters" in 2008, Cheng Shaoxuan: "Try to Say the Character "巂" and Related Issues)
The composite family emblem is also known as the compound clan name, and He Jingcheng's "Shang and Zhou Bronze Clan Inscription Research" quotes Zhu Fenghan's "Composite Clan Names in Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions" to make the following definition: The so-called composite clan name refers to the inscription of a piece of artifact, the maker signs the name of the clan to which he belongs, which is composed of two or more clan names, and in different utensils, there are different combinations, such as a, b, and c represent three clan names, and an artifact is inscribed with a b. A compound name composed of two clan names, but in other utensils, a compound name in the form of AC, BC, or ABC may appear.
囗作祖Wuding, "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 1814, early Western Zhou Dynasty, inscription: "囗作祖戊." "I can't read a word. "Integration" is interpreted as "Wu", I am afraid that it is not right, and Jin Wen has other words. Rong Geng's "Jin Wen Compilation" said: "The shape is like the shape of the head and the hand. Li Xiaoding's "Jin Wen Xulin Appendix" also said: "Like the head of the object and the shape of the hand, it can be said that the meaning of the words is also, but the words are not readable." ”
Jin Wen Xulin + Jin Wen Xulin Appendix, edited by Zhou Fagao and Li Xiaoding, published by Chinese University of Hong Kong.
囗鼎, "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 1151, late Shang period, inscription "囗", illiterate. This family emblem is shaped like a wheel, and it is also like today's steering wheel. The "Han Dian" is interpreted as "wheel". According to the statistics of Wang Changfeng's "Research on the Family Emblem of Yin Zhou Jinwen", there are at least 10 pieces of Jin Wen with this family emblem.
Claw (upper paw and lower paw) female iris, Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection, 3227, late Shang period, inscription: "Claw (upper paw and lower) female kite." Paw (upper paw down) female, female name. Kite, the name of the family emblem. According to the statistics of Wang Changfeng's "Research on the Jinwen Clan Emblem of Yin Zhou", there are at least 18 pieces of Jinwen with the "kite" family emblem.
There are many family emblem characters, and this article briefly introduces the above 10 examples. According to Yan Zhibin's "Research on Bronze Inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty", "after years of research and discussion, the academic community has basically formed a consensus: the family emblem script is a special ancient script that is different from the general Shang and Zhou ancient scripts, and it is related to the ancient clan." ”
Research on Bronze Inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty", by Yan Zhibin, published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.