Cherry In recent years, with the significant improvement of the material living standards of the public, the demand for cherries has gradually increased, and the huge economic benefits and market demand have directly promoted the development of the sweet cherry facility cultivation industry. Through the development of solar greenhouse sweet cherry planting, cherries can be sold in different seasons and the market time of cherries can be advanced, so as to better meet the needs of consumers and increase the economic benefits of growers. This paper mainly combines the practical work experience to summarize the key points of high-quality and efficient cultivation technology of sweet cherries in solar greenhouses, hoping to help the majority of peers through research.
1. Construction of solar greenhouses.
The winter solstice, also known as the southern solstice, the winter festival, the sub-year, etc., both.
Solar greenhouses are generally oriented south to north, in an east-west direction, and the azimuth is 5-10 degrees south-west. The width of the solar greenhouse should be determined according to the actual planting needs and the convenience of operation. In general, it is recommended to have a span between 8-10m for easy management and maintenance. The length of the greenhouse depends on the size of the plantation and the projected yield. According to different needs, the length can be selected between 20-50m, and reasonable planning is carried out according to land use, economic cost and planting characteristics. The height of the back of the solar greenhouse should be high enough to ensure the normal growth and ventilation of the indoor plants. It is generally recommended that the back height is 3-5m, which can provide good space, which is conducive to the growth of cherry trees and the spread of the canopy. The wall height is generally low, and it is mainly used for indoor climate control and ventilation and heat dissipation in greenhouses. The height of the back wall is generally about 2-3m. After the elevation angle of the rear roof is 38-40 degrees, the roof length is 22-2.About 4m, the front roof is a round arch, and the front arch angle is controlled at 40-50 degrees.
2. Soil improvement.
Before the sweet cherry is cultivated, the soil of the growing area must be further improved to increase the production potential of the soil. Before planting, the soil of the greenhouse planting area is deeply cultivated for 2-3 times, the depth is controlled at 35-40cm, the soil permeability is increased, and combined with deep ploughing, 3000-3500kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, 200-300kg of sulfur powder, 100-200kg of ferrous sulfate, and after fertilization, it is necessary to irrigate the permeable high-temperature stuffy shed for about 30 days to achieve complete decomposition and fermentation of organic fertilizer.
3. Variety selection.
Choose sweet cherry varieties that are highly adaptable and can adapt to growing conditions in a greenhouse environment, such as fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Early maturing varieties are preferred, so that the benefits can be obtained earlier. In addition, varieties should have high yields and be able to produce more fruits. In addition, it is also necessary to choose high-quality varieties, and the fruit has a good taste, delicious taste, bright color and crisp taste, which is favored by consumers. At present, the early and medium-ripening varieties that are better are popularized and applied, mainly including Meizao, Hanxiang, early large fruit, Brooks, Red Light and so on. The ratio of the main cultivar and pollinated variety in the greenhouse can be adjusted according to the specific needs and cultivation environment. In general, the ratio of the main cultivar to the pollinated cultivar is 1 4 or 1 5. This ensures adequate pollination, improves pollination and fruit set, and increases yield and fruit quality stability. Of course, the specific matching ratio also needs to be adjusted and determined according to the actual situation of specific varieties and greenhouse cultivation. When selecting the main cultivars and pollinating varieties, it should be ensured that the flowering period between the two cultivars is similar, and the pollinating tree species with similar cooling requirements have high pollination capacity. Under normal circumstances, Meizao is suitable for matching with Labins and Red Rainey, and the pollination varieties of Red Light should be Rabins, Binku, and Pioneer.
Fourth, scientific colonization.
The stem thickness of the planted seedlings is generally recommended to be 08-1.0cm. Seedlings that are too thin or too coarse have the potential to affect growth and development, so choosing a moderate stem size is beneficial for the normal growth and future yield of the cherry tree. The planting spacing and row spacing depend on the size of the plot, the growth habits of the sweet cherry variety, and the needs of cultivation management. For solar greenhouse planting, it is recommended that the plant spacing is 1Around 5-2m, this can provide enough space for the canopy to spread and the roots to grow, promoting normal photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. Row spacing is between 3-4m to provide sufficient access and operating space for easy management and harvesting. Before planting, the root system should be treated, the roots that are too long or the wound is large, and then the roots should be soaked in water for 12 hours and planted on the second day. In addition, you can also choose to use twice the K84 solution to plant the seedlings during the planting process, so as to prevent the occurrence of root diseases after planting.
Fifth, buckle shed operation.
The market time of sweet cherries in solar greenhouses is closely related to the buckle shed and heating operation of the greenhouse, and sweet cherries need 0-7The cooling capacity of 2 degrees is 700-1400 hours, if the cooling capacity is insufficient, the germination uniformity of the tree will be relatively poor, and the normal flowering and fruiting will not be possible, and the yield and quality will be reduced. Therefore, in order to go to market early, the shed should be deducted in advance. The anti-thermal insulation treatment method of covering the curtain during the day and uncovering the cold at night can be used to meet the cold requirements of sweet cherries and lift the dormancy period as soon as possible. When the temperature rises, the tree can be sprayed with 50% of the 80 times of the meocyanamide water agent, which can promote the germination of the tree, ensure the germination of more flower buds, ensure that the fruit tree blooms neatly, and blooms 10-15 days earlier.
6. Greenhouse management.
Temperature and humidity control.
The flower bud expansion and differentiation stage is the period when the flower buds of sweet cherries begin to swell and form inflorescences. At this stage, the temperature in the greenhouse can be maintained at around 15-20 and the humidity can be maintained between 60-70%. The right temperature and humidity contribute to the normal development and expansion of flower buds. The pollen germination fertilization period refers to the period when the sweet cherry flowers open, pollen germinates, and fertilization is completed. For sweet cherry cultivation, the ideal temperature range is 18-20 and the humidity can be maintained between 60-70%. The right temperature and humidity can facilitate the smooth development of pollen, pollination and fertilization. The flowering period refers to the period when the flowers naturally wither and fall off. During this period, the temperature in the greenhouse can be slightly higher to about 20-25, and the humidity can be maintained between 50-60%. The right temperature and humidity help the flowers to fall off naturally, thus reducing the duration of the flowering period. The fruit coloring period refers to the period when the sweet cherry fruit begins to color. At this stage, the temperature in the greenhouse can be maintained at about 22-30 during the day and 12-15 at night, ensuring that the temperature difference between day and night is about 10 degrees and the humidity can be maintained between 50-60%. The right temperature and humidity contribute to the normal coloring and quality development of the fruit.
Fertilizer and water management. In the year of planting, cherries should pay attention to the fertilizer and water management of greenhouses to promote the rapid expansion of branch and leaf growth. The early flowering and fruiting fertilization of the canopy is mainly based on completely decomposed organic fertilizer, and a small amount of chemical fertilizer is applied. After the end of the shed, according to the phenological period of the cherries, use special fertilizer for fruit trees or multi-element compound fertilizer. Usually in the flowering and defoliation stage, 20-30kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and the ditch is applied under the canopy. The growth stage cone is a special compound fertilizer for fruit trees, and the amount of use per mu is controlled at 20-30kg, and the ditch is furrowed. From flowering to fruit development, foliar sprays are applied at intervals of 10 days, taking into account the growth of the fruit tree3% urea solution and 03% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, the dosage per mu is controlled at 30-50kg. Irrigation should adhere to the principle of a small number of times, falling flowers to the hard core stage, the lack of water will cause a large amount of glaze fruit tail sticky to fall off and lead to a reduction in yield, so in this period to combine the field sensation timely irrigation, but should be a small number of times of irrigation, to ensure that the water holding capacity of the field can reach more than 60%.
Flower and fruit management. The flowers of cherries generally bloom in spring, and during this period they can be artificially pollinated to improve pollination and fruit set. Use a slender and light brush or feather to gently touch the inside of the cherry blossom to help spread pollen. The best time to pollinate is in the morning when the flowers are fully open, in dry, sunny weather, to help pollen germinate and spread. Cross-pollination can be done back and forth between different plants to increase pollen**. It is also possible to spray 50mg kg of GA3 solution or rare earth micro-fertilizer 300 solution in the biochemical phase to improve the fruit setting rate. The purpose of thinning flowers and fruits is to adjust the number and distribution of cherry fruits, and improve fruit quality and yield. In the early stages when the flowers are just beginning to open, the flowers are thinned when the number of flowers is high. In general, you can choose to keep only 2-3 flowers per spike. The diameter of the fruit is about 0Fruit thinning is carried out at 5-1cm. The most robust, evenly distributed fruits are retained, and overly dense or incomplete fruits are removed to promote the growth and development of the remaining fruits. Ensure that the operating utensils are clean and hygienic during operation to avoid the spread of diseases. Try to be gentle during flower and fruit thinning to avoid damage to the tree and fruit. Regularly check the state of the canopy and fruits, and carry out the necessary flower and fruit thinning as needed.
To sum up, the cultivation of sweet cherries has extremely high economic value, but in the process of solar greenhouse cultivation, due to the limited environmental space, if you do not pay attention to the targeted regulation of temperature, humidity and light, it will have a negative impact on the cultivation of sweet cherries, so it is necessary to pay attention to the environmental regulation of solar greenhouses according to the growth and development law of sweet cherries, and strengthen the effective control of pests and diseases, reduce the adverse effects of the epidemic of various pests and diseases on the growth and development of sweet cherries, and lay a solid foundation for improving the yield and quality of sweet cherries。