Recently, the essay on the Internet about the level of pension has become hot, and it is somewhat plausible. The underlying purpose of some of the essays is to call for an adjustment of the existing retirement policy.
Qiming believes that in essence, the pension is the accumulation of labor contributions of workers before retirement, and it is a delay in the payment of labor income after retirement.
The current pension policy is to reduce the high and make up for the low. Comparatively, those with lower pensions get more policy dividends and may get thanPre-retirement labor contributionsMore money.
Since the pension is not generated out of thin air, aside from the contribution to talk about the level, there is no need to be so arrogant, hype the level of the pension, it is better to pay attention to the distribution of income, what kind of income there is, there will naturally be a corresponding pension.
In this article, Qiming will discuss the impact of pre-retirement income on pensions, whether pensions are paid by financial funds, and how pensions are compared.
1. Pension is the accumulation of labor contributions before retirement and the delayed payment after retirement.
The pension is composed of three parts: basic pension (there are differences in local names), personal account pension and transitional pension.
The so-called transitional pension,Equivalent toThe period from the time of the recognized participation in the work to the implementation of the pension insurance is the pension of the personal account.
It can be understood that the current policy actually pays a pension = assuming that you have insurance as soon as you join the work, you will pay the insurance, and you should get the pension when you retire.
In this article, Qiming combines the transitional pension and the personal account pension with the same kind of items, and represents the personal account pension.
In this way, the pension can be regarded as composed of two parts: the basic pension and the personal account pension.
Personal account pension = the cumulative amount of savings in the personal account of the basic pension insurance at the time of retirement The number of months, the balance of the personal account pension can be inherited.
The accumulated balance in the personal account is the principal and interest paid by the unit to the insurance after deducting from the individual's salary. All payments are made to retirees upon retirement.
In other words, during the working period, a part of the salary, which is stored in the pension insurance department, is formed after retirement and a personal account pension is formed. If this part of the salary income does not exist in the pension insurance department, it will be distributed to the individual.
Let's look at the basic pension.
The amount of pension insurance paid by the unit during the working period is determinedWhen retiringThe amount of the basic pension. The endowment insurance paid by the unit is essentially a part of the employee's income, which is the income other than the salary (without paying insurance, this part of the money is the salary).
This problem is a bit complicated to analyze, Qiming in the article "What is the pension insurance is how to evaluate whether the insurance paid is cost-effective (deep thinking about delayed retirement: you receive more pension than the labor)" has made a quantitative and qualitative analysis, interested parties, please refer to.
The basic pension and personal account pension are a delay in the payment of income during the working period of an individual, and naturally, the pension is a delay in the payment of income during the working period of an individual.
Since it is insurance, there is a question of whether it is suitable or not, and there is a balance point, and the article "What is the pension insurance and how to evaluate whether the insurance paid is cost-effective (deep thinking about delayed retirement: you receive more pension than you pay)" also analyzes this.
The conclusion of the analysis is that, based on the average life expectancy, those who pay less pensions, those who pay short periods of payment, and those who retire early enjoy the policy dividends and may get more than they pay.
The equilibrium point generally appears after 40 years of service, retirement at the age of 60, and the average annual salary index = 1 (the proportion of insurance paid by enterprises is 20%).
In other words, after 40 years of work and retirement at the age of 60, the average annual contribution to the salary index of the person is madeGreater than1Less thanPay.
The long working hours, the short expected time to receive a pension, and the large contributory wage index, the higher the pension received, but it is often not suitable.
High pensioners receive the majority of the income they have saved during their working years. Low pensioners get all + excess of the income they have saved during their work.
2. Pensions are not paid by financial funds.
Pension is the accumulation of labor contributions before retirement and the delayed payment after retirement. Receiving a pension is based on one's previous income, and of course it is not paid for by financial funds.
The question is that before the implementation of the pension insurance system, the employees did not pay the insurance, and the corresponding pension was calculated according to the policyIn general, not now. The state has adopted the method of providing for the elderly of newcomers, and now the insurance paid by newcomers is sufficient to pay pensions.
Are the pensions of government agencies and institutions paid by financial funds?To put it simply, the wages of government agencies and institutions are paid by financial funds, the insurance paid is also paid by financial funds, and the pensions of government agencies and institutions are paid by pension insurance.
The policy stipulates that the pension payment channels of government institutions and enterprises are different.
Why, Qiming doesn't know. What Qiming knows is that in most areas, according to the policy, government agencies and institutions paid pension insurance for their employees almost at the same time as the implementation of enterprise pension insurance, and at that time, the payment channels were different. If the pensions of government agencies and institutions are directly paid by financial funds, the occupation of financial funds can be reduced. The so-called direct payment refers to the direct payment to the insurance department on time according to the amount of pension in the current month, and the insurance department pays it to the individual.
The "average annual contribution wage index" of government agencies and institutions is generally greater than 1. The pensions received are less than the labor contributions before retirement are mainly concentrated in government agencies, public institutions, and state-owned enterprises. The insurance paid by enterprises can guarantee the payment of pensions, and the insurance paid by government agencies and institutions will certainly be able to guarantee the payment of pensions.
Qiming believes that no matter what channel, the payment of pensions has the same guarantee, the guarantee given by the state.
What's the point of talking about things differently by taking out payment channels alone.
3. How pensions are compared.
1. Is the occupational annuity of government institutions a part of the pension?
Strictly speaking, the occupational pension of government agencies and institutions is not a part of the pension.
Occupational pension is partly generated by wage income and partly by fiscal payment, which is a different system from pension.
At the very least, it is not appropriate to consider the funds that have been paid after individual contributions until retirement as pensions.
The transitional pension of government institutions is equivalent to the pre-reform (occupational annuity + personal account pension), and it seems that no money has been paid, and more pensions have been taken.
Compared with the pre-reform period, the current pension for government institutions (plus occupational pension, the same as in this paragraph) is significantly inferior to the original pension. At the beginning of retirement, the pension is significantly lower than the salary income of in-service employees with the same qualifications, 10 years after retirement, the pension level of most people is about 70% of the average social wage, and after 20 years of retirement, the pension level of most people is about 40% of the average social wage. This is basically the same as the proportion of pensions in the average social wage before the reform, but the difference is too large.
Many people go to the agency for their original pensions.
Qiming personally believes that it can be understood in this way that the so-called transitional pension of government institutions = the year before the reform (occupational annuity + personal account pension). The "middle people" who have a transitional pension and the "newcomers" who do not have a transitional pension are connected with each other in terms of pensionsWhen retiringThe proportion of the average social wage is basically the same.
If there is no transitional pension for government agencies and institutions, the pension of retirees will fall off a cliff after 2014, and then slowly rise to the normal level after the reform. It doesn't make sense.
Qiming personally believes that it can be understood in this way. Before the reform, government organs and institutions paid salaries, and set aside funds for the payment of pensions according to a certain percentage of wages. After the reform, part of the funds set aside for the issuance of transitional pensions;Part of the basic pension was paid before the reform;Because the total amount of personal pensions after the reform has been significantly reduced, there is still a surplus of reserved funds.
Now the first pension is compared, and most of them are compared with the pension of enterprise employees after adding the occupational pension of government institutions and institutions. Qiming believes that this is not very appropriate: first, a number of enterprises have also implemented occupational pensions, and it is not appropriate to compare the overall pension of institutions with occupational pensions with the part of the pension of employees of enterprises without occupational pensionsSecond, enterprises are willing to pay more wages, pay less pension insurance, and enjoy more policy dividendsThird, for the purpose of pension, using various channels, the funds paid by enterprises for executives can also be used for pension during the pension period.
For example, if the original shares of employees of listed companies are held until they retire and receive dividends, is this dividend compared with the pension of government institutions?Before retirement, can the income from the original shares be used for retirement?
Some people have to compare, Qiming suggests that it is better to talk about occupational annuities alone.
2. The comparison of personal account pensions is of little significance.
A personal account pension is equivalent to an individual saving a sum of money and getting it back year by year after retirement, but the interest rate is slightly higher than the deposit.
Comparing personal account pensions under the same conditions, is more than the income before retirement. It is meaningless to compare personal account pensions under different conditions, and compare personal account pensions with a 15-year insurance payment and a 40-year insurance payment.
The comparison of personal account pensions is to compare the income level after the implementation of the insurance system. The comparison of personal account pension and transitional pension is the level of income from the period from working to retirement.
The purpose of comparison is to compare the level of pension, and the result is an indirect comparison of the level of income before retirement, and people can not go back, it is better to directly compare the level of income, so that the later pension is more reasonable.
3. The comparison of basic pensions should pay attention to the same conditions.
Among the pensions, the comparison of basic pensions is of the greatest significance.
However, in the comparison, it is necessary to pay attention to the same conditions, and in the case of the same two parameters in the number of years of service, contribution coefficient, and retirement year, only one parameter changes, and the comparison is meaningful. Other comparisons cannot be said to be meaningless, and attention should be paid to corrections.
Some people say that the two of them participated in work at the same time, were promoted at the same time, and retired in the same year, and their pensions were low. You didn't retire in the same month, and people paid pension insurance for several months more than you.
Basic pension = when the insured person retiresThe average monthly wage of employed persons in urban units in the province in the previous year(1 + average annual contribution wage index) 2 Cumulative payment period 1%.
Here, the average annual contribution wage index is an indicator to measure the contribution of labor before retirement, and the unit pays insurance according to this indicator.
Retirement in 2023 is better than retirement in 2022,".The average monthly wage of employed persons in urban units in the province in the previous year4% higher, maybe around 6% higher in the future. For retirees in different years, it is necessary to pay attention to this problem when comparing basic pensions. In general, the later the retirement year, the higher the pension. Many people say that you have a high rank, a long working experience, and a low pension because you retired several years early.
Here's an example.
A, B, CSame year and same ageRetirement and cumulative payment period are the same, and the average annual contribution wage index of A himself = 06 (the minimum allowed by the policy), the average annual contribution wage index of B = 20. C's average annual contribution wage index = 30 (the maximum allowable limit of the policy), and analyze the impact of the average contribution wage index in different years on the basic pension.
Here, the average annual contribution wage index = 20 is a representative of high pensions, from the point of view of the agency, a county, now few people are significantly higher than 20。
A, B and C retire in the same year and have the same cumulative payment period. At the time of retirement, the average monthly salary of employees in urban units in the province in the previous year is the same as 1% of the cumulative payment period, which is set to a.
Basic pension = (1 + average annual contribution wage index) 2 a, basic pension of A = 08 a, B's basic pension = 15a, C's basic pension = 2a. B is 1 of A9 times.
Under the same conditions, only the average annual contribution wage index is different, and the maximum basic pension is 25 times. This gap is not the same as the income gap, which is the reason why Qiming said that it is better to pay attention to income distribution than pensions.
Some have paid insurance for 15 years and the payment coefficient is 06 pensions and paid insurance for 40 years, payment coefficient 30 pensions, of course, the pension gap has increased significantly. It is unreasonable not to talk about contributions, only about pensions.
From the point of view of the amount of insurance paid by the unit for three people, it is reflected in the average annual contribution wage index, which is respectively0, the highest is 5 times that of the lowest, which is significantly higher than the basic pension of 25 times, this is the result of reducing the high and making up for the low.
After retirement, the current pension policy, only increase the basic pension, for A, B and C three people (must be these three people, for others, the following is not established), can be divided into two pieces, a piece of the same three, a basic pension * a coefficient (such as 12%）。When retiring, it is assumed that the basic pension of A = 2,000 yuan, and the basic pension of C = 5,000 yuan;10 years of retirementWhat can happen is:, A basic pension = 3240 yuan, C basic pension = 6600 yuan;When retiring for 20 years, A basic pension = 5,140 yuan, C basic pension = 8,900 yuan. In terms of amount, the gap is getting bigger and bigger, but the ratio is getting smaller and smaller, and at 20 years, C's basic pension is 1 of A7 times, down from 2 at the time of retirement5 times, which is lower than 50x.
The change of pension after retirement is carried out in the article "Analysis of the Decline of Pension Purchasing Power Year by Year" issued by Qiming before**, which can be referred to.
The change in pension after retirement shows that high pensioners receive the majority of the income they have saved during their work. Low pensioners get all + excess of the income they have saved during their work.
Purely from the pension point of view, getting a high pension does not encroach on the interests of others.
If you want to pay attention, let's focus on income distribution.