Original title: Young Jiang Guangci: Not afraid of the powerful, love and hate.
Anhui, December 28 (Hu Zunyuan).
Towering Dabie Mountain, heroic Hubei, Henan and Anhui. In the red land of Dabie Mountain, not only many famous generals have come out, but also Jiang Guangci, a famous red writer and pioneer of proletarian revolutionary literature, ---.
**, Tao Zhu and other revolutionaries of the older generation have recalled that they read Jiang Guangci's books and embarked on the revolutionary road. On April 24, 2016, after listening to the docent's introduction to Jiang Guangci and his works at the Revolutionary Museum of Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, the general secretary said with deep affection that my father was also influenced by Jiang Guangci's literary works to embark on the revolutionary road.
Jiang Guangci.
1. Poor family background.
Jiang Guangci was born in Baitajia, a mountain village ---town with beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery and dense population in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province at the northern foot of Dabie Mountain (then belonging to Nanxiang of Huoqiu County).
Jiang Guangci's ancestral home is Lianhua Nunnery, Xuji District, Lu'an County (now Gucheng Village, Lukou Town, Yu'an District). This place is close to the Wei River, the old Wei River is like an unruly dragon, angry at every turn, resulting in seven disasters and eight disasters every year on the flat beach land. Ordinary people who depend on the land for food are struggling to make ends meet, and have to leave their homes and be displaced.
Jiang Guangci's grandfather Jiang Defu was a sedan chair driver, the second in the family, the eldest brother Jiang Defa, and the third brother Jiang Degui. Jiang Defu's family was so poor that he could only live in someone else's shabby hut, using his own shoulders as a stone for the rich. Yet, despite this, he still has no roof on top and no cone below. In order to support his family, he had to follow the army of refugees and drag his family to Baitajia, a mountain village at the foot of Dabie Mountain.
Poor families mourn everything. Jiang Guangci's father, Jiang Dunfang, known as Congfu, had no money to go to school since he was a child, and went to Gushi County, Henan Province as an apprentice in his teens. The shopkeeper set up a private school to teach his son to read, so he helped the shopkeeper with the work while secretly following the study. Because of his talent and intelligence, he asks questions if he doesn't understand, and is deeply loved and favored by Mr. Private School. Over time, he became a learned man. Not only can he write beautifully, but he can also recite poems, and once became a private school teacher!
After that, Jiang Congfu returned to Baitafu, rented a house first, then bought a house, and opened a grocery store, named "Jiang Hengxing", dealing in small groceries such as pots and pans, paper and stationery. During the harvest season, a temporary rice row is also opened.
The Jiang family, who had suffered from hardship, lived frugally and the whole family was industrious, and they pulled out some savings from between their teeth, bought dozens of acres of land and built a few grass houses in the countryside not far east of Baitajia, and the family's situation gradually improved.
Jiang Congfu, who lived and worked in peace and contentment, and his virtuous wife Chen, gave birth to three boys and one girl, and gradually grew up**. The eldest son Jiang Ruqian, the second son Jiang Rurang, the third son Jiang Ruheng, that is, Jiang Guangci, nicknamed Qiaozi (later renamed Jiang Guangchi, Jiang Xiasheng, Jiang Xiasheng, Jiang Beifeng, Jiang Guangci, etc.), daughter Jiang Ruxiang.
Chen is also from a poor family, is the daughter of the surname Chen in Xiaoguan Village, which is separated from the White Tower, and is loyal and kind, and is a rare good wife and mother. When Jiang Congfu lived outside for many years, she was the pillar of the family;When Jiang Congfu was idle at home to do some business, she was the best virtuous helper.
When Jiang Congfu was teaching in the Mongolian Pavilion, he went to a funeral banquet at a student's house and inadvertently sat at the table of Wang Xiaofu, a local squire family. During the banquet, Wang Xiaofu ridiculed Jiang Congfu's father as a sedan chair man and was not qualified to share the table with the children of the squire family. Jiang Congfu received this unprovoked ** and left the table angrily.
When Chen learned about this, he knocked out his teeth and swallowed them in his stomach, unable to speak. While comforting her husband, she firmly said to the children: "Rely on your own strength to eat, and it is not good to talk about **, and it is not good to rely on exploiting others to eat." Under the education of his mother's simple thoughts, Jiang Ruqian and Jiang Ru made them honest and responsible, married wives and had children, and relied on hard-working hands to make a little land and cultivate their lives.
Jiang Congfu, who has experienced vicissitudes, is accustomed to the hot and cold state of the world, and has suffered from exploitation and oppression, because his father is a sedan chair man, he has suffered from the cold eyes and bullying of others. He often walks around outside and has a lot of experience, and he is determined to raise a child who will get ahead to support the façade. Since then, he has carefully cultivated his youngest son, Jiang Guangci, who was born on September 11, 1901.
Second, the clever "prodigy".
In the autumn of 1907, Jiang Guangci, who had just turned 6 years old, was sent to the school opened by Zhu Dan, a local private school, and his scientific name was Jiang Ruheng.
At that time, education was mainly carried out "Confucian education", and the education center was divided into academies, private schools, county schools, social studies, and Yixue. According to the teaching content, it can be divided into the Mongolian Museum (which specializes in initiation education for children), the Scripture Hall (which mainly teaches the "Four Books and Five Classics") and the Mixed Museum. Jiang Guangci studied in a mixed hall, and there were more than 20 people studying in the same hall. The rote private school teacher only teaches the pronunciation of the words, not the meaning of the words. Jiang Guangci was not interested in this, what he was interested in was: writing big characters and reciting "Poems of a Thousand Families".
At that time, Jiang Guangci was young, with a long and sturdy figure, and combed a braid with a shiny twist. Wearing a blue cloth gown in winter and a coarse cloth short-cut in summer, and carrying a "book cage" made of bamboo, his red face is refreshed, and he walks briskly on the small streets of Baita every day. He studied very hard, and in class, he and the children recited in a subdued, casual manner, and shaking their heads, which resounded crisply and pleasantly over the town.
According to Mr. Zhai Guangxi's book "Examination of Jiang Guangci's Deeds", Jiang Guangci is very smart and is known as a "prodigy" in his hometown. When I was a child, I played chess with others, and I was simply invincible, and I couldn't find an opponent. He writes well, and at the age of eleven or twelve, he can write Spring Festival couplets, and he often writes his own essays. At that time, he was still very short and often stood on a stool to write.
He was eager to study and study hard, often forgetting to sleep and eating, and he couldn't let go of the book. During the winter and summer vacations, he also studied and practiced calligraphy at home, never made friends with the local squires, and liked to contact the poor children.
With the spread of Western learning to the East, the content of private school teachings has also changed. In 1903, the Qing Dynasty promulgated the "Kwai Mao School System", abolished the imperial examination, and established the school. **Later, primary schools with "both Chinese and Western" were also established in some places.
Mr. Zhai Guangxi said: "Guangci entered a private school at the age of seven, and two years later went to Zhicheng Primary School in Zhongziji, Gushi County, Henan Province, 50 miles away from home. ”
Zhicheng Primary School is on the west side of the Shi River, the gate faces south, and there are four houses behind the gatehouse, with more than 60 school buildings. The school implements a new academic system, with more than 300 teachers and students. According to the order of admission, Jiang Guangci was assigned to Class D. Jiang Guangci was transferred to the new school, so he lived on campus and ate everyone. Each person in the dormitory has a bed, a table, and a lamp, and the learning conditions are better. In his spare time, Jiang Guangci walked out of the school, facing the rolling history of the river, or chanting poetry, or overlooking, or reverie.
Zhicheng School implements the idea of democratic education, and most of the teachers have real talents and practical learning. The courses offered include Bahasa Malaysia, Arithmetic, English, History, Geography, Health, Civics, Nature, Handicrafts, Drawing, Gymnastics, etc. Jiang Guangci is called Jiang Ruheng at home and Jiang Beifeng at Zhicheng Primary School. His academic performance in all subjects is very good, especially in Bahasa Malaysia. In addition, he treats people sincerely and has a good character, and is often praised by teachers. Respected teachers such as Zhan Gutang, Zhan Fotang, and Zeng Chuxiang paid special attention to and cared for him.
3. Smash the "sedan chair" angrily
Jiang Guangci, who was highly valued by Zhan Gutang's teacher, also admired the teacher. He not only admired the teacher's profound knowledge and advanced accomplishments, but also admired his advocacy of advocating democracy and freedom, lifting ideological shackles, and completely smashing feudal shackles.
With Zhan Gutang as the center, the school quickly gathered a group of progressive backbones. Zhan Gutang often lent Jiang Guangci some progressive books and periodicals to read, teaching him to be a person of noble character and uprightness. Jiang Guangci made rapid progress, and the fire in his heart was ignited. The sharp contradictions of social injustice, deceit, and inequality between the rich and the poor often made him feel indignant. When he learned from Zhan Gutang that Li Zhaoshou's son, Li Yintang, who relied on the traitor to seek glory and rebelled against the army, was rampant in the countryside, fished the common people, and did all kinds of evil, he hated him to the core!
One morning, just after the second class, someone shouted: "Li Yintang's sedan chair has stopped at the school gate!"Jiang Guangci and a few classmates ran over to take a look, and sure enough, there was a sedan chair carried by four people parked at the school gate, majestic and extraordinary. "When the enemies see each other, their eyes are red", Jiang Guangci led the way and rushed to the sedan chair angrily, and everyone smashed the sedan chair with all hands and feet.
Li Yintang was so angry that he found the principal Ye Langu with shouting and scolding, demanding that the "culprit" be punished, the students expelled, and the school should compensate for the losses. The enlightened principal understood the original intention of Jiang Guangci and his entourage to smash the sedan chair, and he also hated Li Yintang's misdeeds, so he first perfunctory, and then used the strategy of delaying the army, prevaricating left and right, and the result was not successful.
Fourth, kick the "governor".
Once, the county governor of Gushi County came to Zhicheng Primary School in a sedan chair to inspect it, and the school gathered students to listen to his "lecture". Principal Ye Langu sent someone to collect a bouquet of flowers from Ding Dashan behind the school, and asked Jiang Guangci, who was excellent in character and learning, and dignified in appearance, to present it to the county governor.
Jiang Guangci walked up to the podium, offered flowers with both hands, and bowed in a proper manner. But the county governor was expressionless, not only did he not return the courtesy, but he didn't even nod his head.
The arrogance of the county governor made Jiang Guangci angry. He walked quickly off the podium, ran out of the school gate, ran to the edge of the Shi River in one breath, and used the river mud to pinch a clay figure with long braids and looked a bit like the county governor: his head was raised high, and he looked like no one in his eyes. Then, put the clay figurines on the road and hide in the bushes yourself.
After a while, the prefectural governor's inspection was over, and when the sedan chair passed by the riverbank, a few pieces of gravel and mud suddenly flew out of the bushes and smashed straight at the sedan chair. The prefectural governor found that someone had smashed the sedan chair, and while ordering the sedan chair driver to stop the sedan chair, he shouted and asked, "Who is it?!."”
Jiang Guangci jumped out of the bushes and shouted, "I smashed it!."As he spoke, he pointed to the clay figure placed on the road and sneered: "Lord Governor, look how high its braids are!."As soon as the words fell, he stepped forward and kicked the clay figure over and smashed it.
The county governor shouted angrily and asked, "Bold boy, why did you smash my sedan chair?"”
Jiang Guangci was not afraid, and stepped forward to ask him: "Just now I came to the stage to present flowers to you and give you a salute, why didn't you return the salute?"As the saying goes, come and don't be rude!Don't you even know this etiquette as the governor of the prefecture?It's obviously arrogant and rude, and no one has anyone in sight!”
The two incidents of angrily smashing Li Yintang's sedan chair and kicking the county governor made Jiang Guangci a well-known student of Zhicheng Primary School. In addition, he and his classmates went to the countryside to eradicate the opium poppies planted by the landlord surnamed Cheng, which also had a great impact on the villagers around the school.
5. Beat the principal.
In 1911, after the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, Jiang Guangci, under the influence of Zhan Gutang's education, began to germinate the dream and desire to transform the world. Even if you return to your hometown of Baita during the summer vacation, you will make friends who are chivalrous and upright. They often lay down with candles and talked all night. What heroes and heroes, chivalrous deeds, literati and bachelors, social injustice, and how to reform are all common topics among them.
In the summer of 1916, Jiang Guangci left Zhicheng Primary School and went to Gushi County Middle School in Gushi County to take the entrance examination with his classmate Ye Yumin, and both of them successfully passed the admission.
Gushi County Middle School and Zhicheng Primary School are more than 50 miles apart, both are schools close to the bank of the Shi River, at the foot of Dabie Mountain, the scenery is beautiful. This school, which has the reputation of "the cradle of Dabie Mountain culture", although there are many teachers who are rich in learning and five cars teach, the whole school has a strong feudal ideological atmosphere, which makes Jiang Guangci, who has just come out of Zhicheng Primary School and has a surging trend of democratic thought, feel deeply depressed. In particular, the principal Liu Chunjie treated the students with great disparity between the rich and the poor, which made Jiang Guangci often feel resentful. At the end of the first semester, he couldn't bear it anymore, so he beat the principal Liu Chunjie with several classmates who presided over justice.
Jiang Guangci, who stabbed the "big Louzi", was expelled from the school. He returned to his hometown of Baita and lived a melancholy and resentful "leisure" life. In his spare time of herding cattle and work, he climbed to the top of the mountain on a steep slope, looked into the distance, and clasped his hands and howled. Chanting the verses of "36,000 days, night and night as a candle, mouth holding mountains and rocks, and looking at the sea and waves", I can't wait to turn into a free flying bird, fly to the big world outside the mountain, and light the lamp that illuminates the way forward for the poor villagers.
6. A glorious life.
In 1917, Jiang Guangci went to Wuhu Provincial No. 5 Middle School in Anhui Province to study. After the May Fourth Movement, he edited the school magazine "Free Flower", and actively led the Wuhu area to be elected as the vice president of the Wuhu Student Federation. In 1920, after being introduced by Chen Duxiu, he went to Shanghai to participate in the Social Youth LeagueIn May 1921, he went to Moscow to study at the Communist Labor University, and at the same time began to create literature, and the following year he became a member of the Communist Party of China.
After returning to China in the autumn of 1924, he taught in the Department of Sociology of Shanghai University, and organized the Chunlei Literary Society with Shen ** and othersIn January 1925, he published his first collection of poems, New DreamsIn 1926, the novella "The Young Wanderer" came out, which caused a great response among readers. In July 1927, he published his second collection of poems, "Mourning China";In November, the novella "The Shorts Party", which reflected the armed uprising of the workers in Shanghai, was published. In 1928, together with Meng Chao, Qian Xingcun and others, he established the revolutionary literary group Sun Society, and edited literary journals such as "Sun Monthly", "Times Literature and Art", "Haifeng Weekly", "Xinliu Monthly" and "Pioneer". In April 1929, he published the long story "Lisa's Grievance". In November 1929, when he went to Japan for recuperation due to illness, he presided over the establishment of the Tokyo branch of the Sun Society, and wrote a lot of literature while insisting on literary creation. After returning to China, he formed the preparatory group for the Chinese Left Alliance with Lu Xun, Roushi, Feng Xuefeng and others. In March 1930, when the "Left League" was founded, he was elected as an alternate member of the Standing Committee. In November, the long story "The Roaring Land" was completed, reflecting the sharp class struggle in the countryside before and after the 1927 Revolution.
He died at 6 a.m. on August 31, 1931 in Shanghai Tongren Hospital. In February 1957, the civil affairs department of Anhui Province posthumously recognized him as a revolutionary martyr.
url: Author: Hu Zunyuan, former vice president of Anhui Jinzhai Cadre College, member of Anhui Writers Association, special researcher of Anhui Provincial Research Museum of Culture and History, expert of grassroots theory preaching of Anhui Provincial Party Committee Lecturer Group, and advanced individual of national grassroots theoretical preaching.
Editor: Gong Jianguang, Gong Guolin.
Editor in charge: Wu Yuexian.
Copyright Notice: The copyright of this work belongs exclusively to Gonggong**She***, and it shall not be **or mirror authorized without written authorization**.
*: Anhui Representative Office of Gonggong ** Society.
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