For a long time, it has not been very clear whether the Qing Dynasty excluded the Han people.
Throughout the history of the Qing Dynasty, the role of the Han Chinese in the political landscape has always attracted much attention. However, most of the former bureaucratic class under the rule of the early Qing Dynasty were clever homeopaths who followed in the footsteps of the times. They are more willing to move in a new direction than those who cling to the already shattered Ming Dynasty.
Since ancient times, the loyalty and love of the people of scholars have often been admired, but in troubled times, there are very few people who can stick to their creed. At the end of the troubled dynasties, most scholars had become wealthy bureaucrats, unwilling to fight for the survival of a dynasty. The same was true of the chaotic times of the late Qing Dynasty, and for the vast majority of the people, love for the people did not stem from endless wars and revolutions. They were looking forward to a smooth transition and longed for a leader who could truly lead the Qing dynasty to strength.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, two important groups emerged, namely the reformists and the revolutionaries. The reformists were reluctant to bring about change through revolution, and they hoped that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty would understand the reformist ideas, avoid falling into turmoil and war, and protect the people from the ravages of war.
The Manchu and Han patterns of the Qing Dynasty showed completely different trends in different historical periods.
The Manchu and Han patterns in the early Qing Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the existence of Hanchen began to emerge from the rule of the Aixin Jueluo family in the northeast. The three kings of the early Qing Dynasty made meritorious contributions to the Qing Dynasty, but the status of the Han Dynasty showed an extreme bipolar trend. Military generals held military power, and in the bureaucracy, few Hanchen were able to rise to high positions and become important figures in the court. This situation lasted until the Kangxi period, when the power structure of the Qing dynasty changed with the rise of the Hanchen in the civil bureaucracy. However, even if the Han ministers entered the center of civil power, they still could not fully dominate the court, and the mutual checks and balances between the Manchus and the Han still existed.
The Manchu and Han patterns at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The Manchu-Han power structure at the end of the Qing Dynasty changed significantly during the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion. During this period, the decay of the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners Army was exposed, and the Empress Dowager Cixi began to reuse the Han Chen, especially giving them more power in the formation of local armies. The Manchu and Han power structures quietly changed. With the support of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the Han Chinese bureaucracy rose, especially Zeng Guofan and others, who built a powerful local army by suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. These armies not only quelled the unrest, but also laid the foundation for Hanchen to occupy a high position in the bureaucracy. With the transfer of power, the dictatorship of the local governor was formed, and the Hanchen not only mastered the military power, but also firmly grasped the local administrative and financial power, forming a new political pattern dominated by the Hanchen in the late Qing Dynasty and the locality.
In general, during the evolution of Manchu and Han power in the Qing Dynasty, the civil and military power of the Han in the early Qing Dynasty experienced an extreme trend of rise and decline, while the rise of the Han Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty was demonstrated in two major historical events. This evolution is a true portrayal of the changes in the power structure of the Qing Dynasty, and the light is shining at the same time, but it is also accompanied by dark clouds.
The long history of the evolution of Manchu and Han power in the Qing Dynasty reflects the twists and turns of the political pattern, during which the wrestling and intrigue between the Han ministers and the Manchurians, as well as the evolution of Manchu and Han power from the early Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, constitute a rich and colorful historical picture.
First of all, in the early Qing Dynasty, the power structure of the Manchus and Han showed a clear bipolar trend. At this stage, although the Han generals held military power, in the bureaucratic system of the Qing Dynasty, few Han Chen were able to rise to a high position and become the main decision-makers in the court. This situation lasted until the Kangxi Dynasty, and with the rise of Han ministers such as Zhang Tingyu in the Kangxi era, they gradually entered the center of civilian power, which had an impact on the military commander-in-chief. However, due to the centralization of power in the Qing Dynasty, even if the Han Chen broke into the core of civil power, they still failed to completely dominate the court, and the power balance between the Manchus and the Han still existed.
Second, in the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion, the decay and incompetence of the Qing Eight Banners Army were laid to light. In this context, the Empress Dowager Cixi began to rely on the Han ministers, especially in giving them more power in the formation of local armies. This marked a marked change in the power structure of the Manchu and Han dynasties. The Han bureaucracy rose strongly, and Zeng Guofan and others established a powerful local army by participating in the pacification of the Taiping Rebellion, laying the foundation for Han Chen's important position in the bureaucracy. During this period, the dictatorship of the local governors was formed, and the Hanchen not only held the military power, but also had the administrative and financial power at the local level, forming a new political pattern of the late Qing Dynasty dominated by the Hanchen and the locality.
Overall, the historical process of the evolution of Manchu and Han power in the Qing Dynasty was a complex and tortuous development process. From the bipolar trend in the early Qing Dynasty to the gradual tilt of power towards the Hanchen at the end of the Qing Dynasty, this change was not only subject to the centralization of power in the imperial court, but also profoundly affected by historical events. The solidification of the Qing Dynasty in the Manchu and Han power structures at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty was gradually challenged with the changes of the times, and the rise of the Han Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty ushered in a historic transformation when the country was facing a crisis.
The complexity and multi-layered nature of this evolutionary process enable us to better understand the complexity of the evolution of the Qing regime. It not only reflects the intricacies of social and political affairs at that time, but also shows the adaptation and adjustment of the political system in the torrent of history. The history of the evolution of Manchu and Han power in the Qing Dynasty not only provides us with a window into the past, but also triggers thinking about the contemporary social and political system.
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