[Huang Jian's Bocai Feng Chasing] [Huang's Ancient Buildings].
jumbo heritage list © epic adventure of jumbo huang
Chapter 2206 Monopoly capital in the Gilded Age, and the trust consortium is split
The antitrust practices of the United States are not only reflected in the automotive industry. After the "oil trust" was split, the people of the United States made many restrictions on the business behavior of Mobil Oil, in order to prevent them from becoming dominant.
Objectively speaking, the anti-monopoly law is very beneficial to the development of the US economy. But the big companies in the United States will never be so restrained.
For example, the "AT&T monopoly investigation" in the 80s of the last century shook the entire United States. The U.S. government accused the company of indirectly controlling the entire communications equipment market by using its transistor patents. It is precisely because AT&T has the patent for the transistor that they can "eat the old book" without any scruples. Any company that wants to enter the communications industry must first come to the AT&T company's dock.
In 1982, the Supreme Court of the United States formally charged AT&T with using unfair means in the process of competing with others. However, the person in charge of AT&T moved out of the patent protection of the United States at this time.
The meaning of AT&T's management is very clear: since the United States claims to support scientific and technological innovation and development, if the United States does not protect the patent holders at a critical time, then the patent law of the United States will become a big joke. According to the Ministry of Justice, other small and medium-sized enterprises do not want to use the transistor technology in the hands of AT&T to make direct profits, but use them to conduct innovative research.
In 1984, a ruling from the Supreme Court of the United States touched the nerves of many people. Because of the decision made by law, AT&T, which once dominated the communications sector in the United States, will be split into several small companies.
In desperation, AT&T had no choice but to agree to the harsh conditions of the United States. They can open their patents to other small and medium-sized companies, but only if they pay them a substantial amount of "royalties".
In a way, this is the last stubbornness of AT&T. But the U.S. government has always been extraordinarily efficient in anti-monopoly. Before AT&T executives could recover their efforts, the next ruling from the Ministry of Justice came out.
In this ruling, the ** of the Ministry of Justice of the United States still believes that AT&T has engaged in "unfair competition" in the course of its business. As a result, they decided to split the original AT&T company into seven new smaller companies.
With the exception of Bell Labs and some of the patents that were allowed to remain in the hands of the original company, AT&T's years of hard work have been wasted.
The war between the two sides has reached this point, and the victory or defeat is already obvious. In the face of absolute strength, AT&T has no second way to go except to obediently admit it.
However, it is precisely because of the suppression of AT&T companies by the United States that there was the rise of major Internet companies. This "anti-monopoly case" that shook the whole United States has, to a certain extent, promoted the development of emerging industries in the United States.
All of a sudden, whether it is the financial tycoons on Wall Street or the peddlers and pawns on the streets of New York, almost all of them are paying attention to the results of the implementation of this ruling.
It is no exaggeration to say that from the moment the Supreme Court's ruling was handed down, AT&T, which once monopolized the communication business of the whole country, has withdrawn from the stage of history.
Some people are happy with the Supreme Court's ruling, while others are worried about the country's future economic situation. But no matter what kind of mood the people show, it seems that they can't shake the determination of the United States to crack down on monopolies.
In fact, there are many monopolies like AT&T in the United States. In order to prevent them from becoming dominant, the federal government of the United States will impose various restrictions on these enterprises, and even forcibly split them.
However, since the United States has always regarded the major monopolies as a priority target. The managers of these companies came up with an ingenious logic to counter the decrees of the federal government.
So, why does the Mi Guofu insist on cracking down on these "one big" monopolies?And what kind of means will those "monopolies" that dominate the market in the United States use to prevent themselves from being attacked or split?In 1911, the American entrepreneur Thomas. Watson founded IBM in Binghamton, New York. At that time, no one thought that this company would gradually grow up in the future and become a giant in the information industry of the whole country.
To the surprise of many, IBM's original business was not to manufacture information equipment, but to make rifles and ammunition for the Mi** team.
During World War II, the Browning pistol and M1 automatic rifle produced by IBM were used in the Pacific Theater, and these two products accumulated a lot of capital and a good reputation for IBM. In the 60s of the last century, with the cooperation with Mi **, IBM began to try to enter the information industry for the first time.
At that time, IBM was mainly responsible for helping the U.S. military develop an air defense identification system, and the person in charge here immediately recognized the potential of this technology. IBM executives believe that as long as they can promote Mifang's information technology to the private sector in the future, they will definitely be able to bring a steady stream of profits to their company.
So, after consulting with the Mi** side, IBM began to carry out a trial promotion on a small scale. As expected, IBM's executives saw that their information equipment was widely welcomed by private companies across the United States as soon as it was launched.
However, at this time, information equipment was only used to process some data or predict the future situation to some extent, and it has not yet developed into the technology that provides entertainment for people today. But this market share is enough for IBM to make them a lot of money.
IBM has invested heavily in hiring more than 8,000 programmers to write its own information system, trying to build its own information brand.
As for IBM's behavior, the United States is positive. After all, under the capitalist market economy system of the United States, the transformation of a technology into a commodity in the market can bring unexpected benefits to the capitalists.
On August 12, 1981, IBM launched the first computer product in human history for individual users. This move once again broke the old ecology of the entire information industry. From then on, ordinary people can participate in the tide of information development. But at this time, some entrepreneurs in the United States filed lawsuits with the federal government and the Supreme Court. They believe that IBM's actions have seriously violated the United States' Antitrust Law. This is naked monopoly and unfair competition!
In fact, since 1967, IBM has continuously received "anti-monopoly investigation notices" from the United States federal government. But IBM did not choose to confront the province directly, as AT&T did.
No matter what federal investigators ask of IBM, they will almost always meet each other. But at the same time, IBM has assembled a team of more than 2,000 professional lawyers to fight the lawsuit for itself. In order to make its own information host sell better, IBM will even deliberately refrigerate some new technologies born from its own research laboratory. Such operations and methods have indirectly proved that IBM is a "monopoly capital group" that cannot be defeated.
No matter how much the lawyers hired by IBM argued, they could not change this hard fact. In order to fight a lawsuit with IBM, the federal government has sorted out as many as 1800,000,000,000 pages of evidence to bring charges against IBM. In the end, IBM had to give in to the government and the courts, admitting its monopolistic behavior in commercial competition.
In order to avoid being broken up by the federal government like AT&T, IBM took the initiative to disclose the technology that was in its hands.
At the same time, IBM executives are starting to think seriously about product iteration. Things have developed to this point, and the purpose of the Mi Guo Mansion has been achieved. As a result, IBM was spared, but their status as the "boss of the rivers and lakes" in the information industry is gone forever.
After the collapse of IBM, companies such as Microsoft, Apple, HP, and Dell sprung up. They were all beneficiaries of the "IBM antitrust investigation", but in the end they became business giants themselves.
In 2012, some of the best on Wall Street began to accuse Apple of using improper means to gain their own interests in the market competition. They also argue that some of Apple's actions have violated the United States' Antitrust Act.
Subsequently, the United States Federal Government immediately took action to investigate Apple. A new era of "antitrust wars" is unfolding in an unexpected way.
Trust, a transliteration of the English trust. One of the advanced forms of monopolies. It is formed by the merger of many enterprises that produce similar goods or products that are closely related. It aims to monopolize the sales market, compete for the origin of raw materials and the scope of investment, and strengthen the competitive force to obtain high monopoly profits.
Participating enterprises lose their production, commercial and legal independence. The board of directors of the trust manages all production, sales and financial activities in a unified manner, the management is in the hands of the largest capitalists, and the original owners become shareholders and receive dividends according to their shares. The capitalists who participated in it engaged in fierce competition for the distribution of profits and for the right to be managerial.
Monopolies that produce similar goods or are closely related in production, and in order to obtain high profits, they cooperate comprehensively from production to sales. Since the end of the nineteenth century, the trust of the United States has developed rapidly. Trusts in Western Europe appeared a little later, but they also developed rapidly after the First World War. Trusts are the most developed in the United States. The trust itself is a legal person, and the board of directors of the trust centralizes all business and financial activities, and the original enterprise becomes a shareholder of the trust, and profits are distributed according to equity, and the participants lose their independence legally and in terms of production and marketing.
A trust originally referred to as a delegated management agreement, where I give you custody of my assets and you can actually dispose of them, and such an agreement is called a trust.
After the whole country entered the society of industrial capital, a large number of workers appeared in the society, and many capitalists began to build factories and expand their own industries.
In this process, multi-capital groups gradually occupied a dominant position in the market of the United States because of disorderly expansion. Since these capital groups control the vast majority of raw materials, the bigwigs behind the capital groups can easily control the ** of a certain industrial product.
To a certain extent, this induced several "economic crises" that broke out in the 19th century.
Since some forms of trusts have been declared illegal in developed countries, the introduction of trusts is generally based on the term one of the forms of corporate monopoly of the market. In addition, since developed countries have imposed various restrictions on various trusts in terms of regulations, the purpose of establishing a trust will not be publicly announced at the time of establishment of some business combinations for the purpose of establishing trusts. For the merger of some enterprises in the same industry, as well as the acquisition of enterprises in the same industry, many countries also violate the anti-monopoly law by determining whether it is a disguised trust.
There are two main types of trusts:
The first is based on financial control: its participants are formally independent, but in practice they are completely subordinate to the head office. This kind of head office is essentially a kind of holding company, which exercises financial control over other companies by holding their first control amount. In 1899, the Mobil Oil Company of New Jersey, established by Rockefeller of the United States, is a typical example of this type of trust.
Through this holding company, the various oil companies to which it belonged were controlled, thus forming a large oil trust. In 1972, the company changed its name to Exxon. In 1984, Exxon employed 150,000 people, with sales and assets of 908500 million and 632$700 million, not only in the United States but also in the world's largest industrial company.
The second is based on a complete merger: either a merger of similar firms of similar size, or a strong firm swallows up a smaller firm. The head office of this type of trust is a business company that directly controls production and sales. The General Motors Company, founded in 1916, is a prime example of this type of trust. In addition to taking over the New Jersey General Motors Company (founded in 1908 and merging several automobile companies), it also merged the "Chevrolet Motor Company" and the "Fischer Body Company" in 1918 and 1919 successively, thus becoming a grand automobile trust. In 1984, General Motors employed 7480,000 people, sales and assets were 838800 million and 521100 million US dollars, ranking second only to Exxon among the 500 largest industrial and mining companies in the United States.
The development trust in various countries is the product of capital accumulation and high concentration of production, it occupies a certain position in other countries, and has been widely developed in the United States, which is known as the "Trust Empire". At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the concentration of industrial production in the United States was very rapid, and huge trusts were formed in various sectors such as steel, oil, railways, automobiles, coal mining, sugar making, matches, and tobacco.
In 1904, there were 440 trusts in various economic sectors in the United States, with a capital of $20.4 billion, of which 1 3 of the capital was in the hands of seven large trusts. In 1910, the share of trusts in the production of a number of industrial sectors in the country was: 50 per cent in the textile industry, 54 per cent in the glass industry, 60 per cent in the cotton cloth printing and dyeing industry, 60 per cent in the food manufacturing industry, 72 per cent in the brewing industry, 77 per cent in the metal industry (excluding steel), 81 per cent in the chemical industry, and 84 per cent in the iron and steel industry. The prevalence of trusts in the United States is mainly due to the fact that a few large enterprises adopted advanced new technologies at the time of their establishment on the basis of a high concentration of production, and quickly achieved dominance in the various sectors.
In other major capitalist countries, trusts have also been widely developed. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German power trusts controlled 40% of the country's electricity production. In the United Kingdom, Imperial Tobacco accounts for half of the country's tobacco production;Wire trusts, salt trusts, and bleaching and dyeing trusts each account for 90% of the production of each industryThe Combed Cotton Spinning Industry Trust actually controlled the entire production of the industry in the UK.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, due to the concentration of production and capital, the economy of the United States accelerated the fusion of bank capital and industrial capital, forming many monopoly consortia. Before World War II, there were eight major conglomerates: Morgan-First National Bank, Rockefeller, Kuhn-Lobb, Chicago, Mellon, DuPont, Boston, and Cleveland. After the war, the strength of the eight major consortia changed, and new consortia rose, forming the Rockefeller Consortium, the Morgan Consortium, the First Citibank Consortium, the DuPont Consortium, the Boston Consortium, the Mellon Consortium, the Cleveland Consortium, the Chicago Consortium, and the California Consortium
The Texas consortium and other ten major consortia dominate the pattern of the United States. Especially in the second half of the 50s to the first half of the 70s, due to the progress of science and technology, the country's economy has developed rapidly, and the industrial structure has also undergone profound changes. The boundaries of the consortia are becoming more and more blurred, but the eastern consortia, such as the Morgan Consortium, the Rockefeller Consortium, and the First Citibank Consortium, are still in a monopoly position that dominates the country's governance, economy, and society.
When the United States embarked on overseas expansion and competed for the colonial stage, the world's territory had basically been carved up by the European powers. The monopoly capital of the United States opened its head at Spain, the decrepit colonial empire that had already declined in power, and pointed the spearhead of aggression at Spain's last two large colonies in Latin America and Asia, Cuba and the Philippines.
As early as after the civil war, the United States had already carried out economic expansion in the Americas, especially in Cuba, and by 1898, the investment of American citizens in Cuba amounted to more than 50 million US dollars. Although Cuba is a Spanish colony, the United States has taken control of Cuba economically. Under the pretext of "protecting the diaspora", the United States flaunted its force and sent the battleship "Maine" to Havana. On February 15, 266 officers and men were killed in the ship. The United States asserted that it sank due to "touching a mine". On April 25, the United States declared war on Spain.
The Spanish-American War actually lasted only a little more than three months. In May and July 1898, the U.S. Navy annihilated the Spanish fleet in the Philippines and Cuba. In December, the United States and Spain signed a peace treaty in Paris, stipulating that Spain would relinquish its sovereignty over Cuba and that Cuba would be occupied by U.S. forces after Spain withdrew its troopsThe Philippines, Puerto Rico, and ** were ceded to the United States, and the United States paid Spain $20 million in exchange for the acquisition of new territories. The Paris Peace Treaty was a flagrant violation of the sovereignty of Cuba and the Philippines and a treaty to redivide the world.
The Spanish-American War was an imperial war to redivide the world after the United States changed from a free capitalist to a monopoly capitalist. Through the Spanish-American War, the United States expanded its empire to Asia. In July 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii. In 1899, he occupied Wake Island and divided the Samoan archipelago with Germany, and obtained the land of East Samoa, which was of great military value, Isla Island, and the port of Pago-Pago on the island. Hawaii, Samoa, the Philippines, etc., are like first-class stepping stones, leading the country to a new era of expansion in the Far East and the Pacific. The Spanish-American War dealt a fatal blow to decrepit Spain. Spain lost its last remaining colonies and withdrew from the arena of competition for world colonies, and the United States greatly expanded its ambitions for expansion. As an 1898 editorial in the Washington Post put it: "In any case, we are energized by a new feeling." ......Like the smell of blood on the slaughterhouse, people taste the taste of empire. ”
On September 6, 1899, the Secretary of State of the United States, John Hay, sent a note to Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, and France, recognizing the sphere of influence of the great powers in China and demanding that the other powers "not interfere in any way".The Great Powers should recognize that other countries enjoy the same customs privileges and interests in trade and shipping within their spheres of influence.
On July 3, 1900, John Hays sent a second open-door note to the nations, stating that the policy of the United States was to "preserve the integrity of our territory and our territory...... of operationThe countries of the world can get the same and just conditions to engage in the Qing Empire" and so on.
The open door policy is a product of the overseas expansion of the United States. Its purpose is to open the door for latecomers to expand their political and economic power to our country under the conditions of fierce competition among the great powers, and it is not at all to maintain the integrity of our territory and operations.
The announcement of the Open Door Policy marks a new stage in the United States' policy toward China, that is, from the traditional strategy of "taking a piece of the pie" behind the British gunboats for a long time, to the policy of pursuing an independent imperial lord and a great power.
The United States has become one of the protagonists of the competition between the great powers in the Asia-Pacific arena. In the 20th century, the monopoly capital power of the United States expanded rapidly. Further overseas expansion, especially economic expansion, has become the keynote of the country's foreign policy. The means of aggression and expansion of the United States are either the use of violent force, the wielding of a big stick, or the use of "golden dollar diplomacy" as a bait to carry out economic infiltration.
Theodore Roosevelt famously came up with the "big stick strategy" -- if you speak softly, but with a big stick, you will succeed." Its first blatant manifestation was the seizure of the Canal Zone from Colombia.
After the Spanish-American War, the United States was anxious to dig a canal in the Isthmus of Panama. Because the canal can communicate the two oceans after the canal, it greatly reduces the navigation time of the merchant ships and the United States, and makes the navies on both sides of the United States together, which is tantamount to doubling the naval strength.
In January 1903, the United States forced Colombia to sign the Panama Canal Treaty by means of threats and inducements. Accordingly, the United States obtained a six-mile-wide canal strip from Colombia, and the United States promised to pay Colombia $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 for a 99-year lease. But the Colombian Congress refused to ratify the treaty. The United States single-handedly planned Panama, which is affiliated with Colombia, to launch a "revolution" and declare independence. The United States immediately signed a treaty with Panama and took control of the Panama Canal Zone.
In August 1914, the Panama Canal was completed. The long-cherished plan to turn the Caribbean Sea into a "Lake of Rice" has come true. The construction of the Panama Canal meant the rise of the hegemony of the United States in the Caribbean.
In fact, Roosevelt's big stick strategy was applied throughout Latin America. Looking at the economy and diplomacy of the United States from the end of the 19th century to the outbreak of the First World War, it is not difficult to see that the United States has become a world power, and under the guidance of a set of overseas expansion principles and strategies, such as open doors, big stick strategies, and gold-dollar diplomacy, it strives to control the Caribbean. Central and South America expanded into the Pacific and became the first to intervene in Europe.
All these prepared the conditions for Wilson's "Fourteen Points" and the plan of the International League during the First World War to achieve "world managerhood."
Reference: Tracing the origin of the anti-monopoly law of the United States: all in order to curb the power of the economy;Li Xiaoxin;The Arbitrability of the Anti-Monopoly Law of the United States and Its Enlightenment to China, Ding Guofeng;The Evolution of China's Anti-Monopoly Policy and Its Enlightenment to China Yu Donghua;Anti-monopoly Research in the United States during the period of the Progressive Lord, Zhang Jiaojiao;
jumbo huang notes, perrotti park is a small park located right in the middle of the city of newport. you can walk around the entire thing in a few minutes if you don't spend too much time admiring the sea. 39 americas cup **e, newport, ri 02840; bowen's wharf - the anchor of newport rhode island spend the night at bowen’s wharf. deep-water dockage at the anchor of the newport waterfront. first-class service, accommodate yachts up to 185′ loa. gooseberry beach.
the audrain building is an architecturally significant commercial building located at 220-230 bellevue **enue, newport, rhode island.
the building was constructed 1902-1903 to designs by noted architect bruce price. it is one of four buildings that form a distinguished central block within newport
we liked it better than the breakers. trip to newport with my wife. the elms was modeled after an 18th-century french chateau but featured the latest technology of the gilded age. it houses an outstanding collection of paintings, statuary and tapestries.
on september 10, 1813, commodore oliver hazard perry led the u.s. n**y to victory in the pivotal battle of lake erie, which turned the war of 1812 toward american advantage and ultimately preserved u.s. independence from the english crown. that day, perry reportedly coined two historic phrases. one was “don’t give up the ship”
Chapter 2207: Villa backyard cliff trail, luxury wealth display place.