1934 was a turbulent year in China's modern history. In this year, China faced the threat of aggression from Japanese imperialism, the military "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang reactionaries, and various social contradictions and crises. However, this year was also a year in which the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people rose up to fight in the midst of hardships and hardships and opened up a new situation. In this year, many major historical events took place, such as the Red Army's Long March, the Zunyi Conference, the Northward Anti-Japanese Advance Team, and the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army, which had a profound impact on the Chinese revolution and Chinese history. This article will review and analyze the history of China in 1934 from the political, military, diplomatic, and cultural aspects.
In 1934, the Kuomintang reactionaries, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, continued their brutal military "encirclement and suppression" against the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. This was the fifth "encirclement and suppression" of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army by the Kuomintang reactionaries since the counter-revolutionary coup d'état in 1927. The Kuomintang reactionaries mobilized nearly one million troops and adopted tactics such as "encirclement and reinforcement," "encirclement and suppression," "interception," and "clearance" in an attempt to wipe out the first base areas and main forces of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in one fell swoop.
However,The "encirclement and suppression" plan of the Kuomintang reactionariesIt didn't work out. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army displayed a tenacious fighting spirit and flexible strategies and tactics in the face of a strong enemy and a weak one. In the ** Soviet area, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, after hard fighting, broke through the four blockade lines of the Kuomintang armyOctober 1934The famous Long March in history began. The Long March is a great miracle in the history of mankind, and the Red Army carried out it in totalMore than 600 timesCampaign battles, capturedMore than 700 seatsCounty seat, the Red Army sacrificed as many as cadres above the battalion levelMore than 430 people, with an average age of less than 30 years old, defeated hundreds of regiments of the Kuomintang army, during which a total of passed14 provinces, over 18 mountains, across 24 rivers, through barren grasslands, over snow-capped mountains, a journey of about 25,000 miles, the Red Army in YuOctober 1935Arrived at the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi and joined forces with the Red Army in northern Shaanxi. In the course of the Long March, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army also carried out a series of important political and military struggles, such as the Zunyi Conference, the four crossings of Chishui, the capture of the Luding Bridge, the skillful crossing of the Jinsha River, the forcible crossing of the Dadu River, and the rendezvous with Huining, Gansu.
In other Soviet areas, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army also fought valiantly. In the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet Region, the Red 25th Army, under the leadership of Cheng Zihua and Wu Huanxian, broke through the encirclement and suppression of the Kuomintang armyNovember 1934Starting from the territory of Luoshan County, Henan Province, he began his westward expeditionDecemberEntering southern Shaanxi, he opened up a guerrilla base area in Hubei, Henan, and Shaanxi. In the Hunan and Jiangxi Soviet regions, the Red Sixth Army Corps, under the leadership of Ren Bishi, Xiao Ke, and **, cooperated with the **Red ArmyThe fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, from the Hunan and Jiangxi base areas to break through the westward expedition. In the process of changing the war, the Red Sixth Army Corps and the Red Tenth Army led by Fang Zhimin met in Taiping County in southern Anhui to form the Red Tenth Army Corps, and established a military and political committee chaired by Fang Zhimin to continue to resist Japan in the north. In Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi, under the leadership of Xun Huaizhou, Le Shaohua, and Su Yu, the Red Seventh Army Corps, in order to oppose the Japanese imperialist aggression and break through the Kuomintang's "encirclement and suppression" of the ** Soviet area, was reorganized into an anti-Japanese advance team in the north. On July 7, it set out from Ruijin, Jiangxi, and in early November, the anti-Japanese advance team in the north and the Red Tenth Army led by Fang Zhimin met in Taiping County in southern Anhui to form the Red Tenth Army Corps, and established a military and political committee chaired by Fang Zhimin to continue to resist Japan in the north.
In Northeast China, the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Yang Jingyu, Li Hemin, and others, persisted in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese invaders and the puppet state of Manchukuo. November 11, 1934The First Army of the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army was formally established, with Yang Jingyu as the commander and political commissar. from1935 yearSince then, the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army has been established.
The 2nd, 3rd, and 6th Armies, the Fourth Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Army, the Fifth Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Combined Army, and the Tangyuan Guerrilla Corps. These were the basic armed forces under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and later became the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Army.
Politically, the Kuomintang reactionaries, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, continued to pursue a fascist policy, suppressed the people's resistance, deprived the people of their democratic rights, strengthened military control over various localities, and expanded their own power and interests. The Kuomintang reactionaries also used various means, such as assassination, false accusations, bribery, and division, to crack down on and purge the opposition and dissident forces, such as the suppression of the Fujian people, the rejection of the left and centrists in the Kuomintang, and the integration of the warlord factions within the Kuomintang. The Kuomintang reactionaries also pursued the so-called "New Life Movement" in an attempt to control the people's thoughts and behavior by imposing some so-called "New Life" norms under the rule of the Kuomintang. These norms include a ban on gambling, no drinking, no smoking, etc., while also requiring people to adhere to strict hygiene and etiquette norms. 
However, this "New Life Movement" did not receive a real response from the people, but instead caused widespread resistance and revolt. Some argue that these norms are too cumbersome and unreasonable, and that they do not really improve the quality of life of the people. On the contrary, this movement was more like a formalist movement, only to satisfy the controlling desires of the Kuomintang reactionaries. In the push for the New Life Movement, some people have even been punished for violating these norms. This coercive practice aroused the anger and discontent of the people and made the image of the Kuomintang reactionaries even worse.
1934 yearChina faced increasing aggression and provocation from Japanese imperialism. In the past year, Japan carried out a number of military aggressions in northern, eastern, and southern China, such as the Tanggu incident in North China, the Suzhou Creek incident in East China, and the Guangzhou incident in South China, threatening China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. In this year, Japan also carried out a series of international diplomatic activities, such as participating in the London Naval Conference, withdrawing from the League of Nations, and signing an agreement with Germany to prepare for its expansionism and war of aggression.
In the face of Japanese aggression, the attitude of the Kuomintang reactionaries was passive resistance and voluntary surrender. The Kuomintang reactionaries not only failed to organize effective resistance, but instead made a series of compromises and concessions with Japan, such as the signing of the Tanggu Agreement and the Suzhou River Agreement, at the expense of China's interests and dignity. Under the pretext that "if you want to fight outside, you must first settle inside," the Kuomintang reactionaries concentrated their energies on the internal war and brutally suppressed the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, thus undermining the unity of the Chinese people and the anti-Japanese forces. The capitulationism of the Kuomintang reactionaries has put China in a passive and dangerous situation.
In sharp contrast to the capitulationism of the Kuomintang reactionaries, the Communist Party of China has always adhered to the position and policy of anti-Japanese doctrine. The Communist Party of China realized that Japanese imperialism was the greatest enemy of the Chinese revolution and that the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was the most urgent task of the Chinese revolution. The CPC not only launched active anti-Japanese struggles in the revolutionary base areas and guerrilla areas under its leadership, such as the northbound anti-Japanese advance contingent and the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army, but also launched extensive anti-Japanese movements throughout the country, such as the "Basic Program for the Chinese People's War against Japan," the Chinese National Armed Self-Defense Committee, and the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Federation, calling on the people of the whole country to take armed self-defense and expel Japanese imperialism from China. The Communist Party of China also repeatedly proposed to the Kuomintang to stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan, but they were rejected and sabotaged by the Kuomintang reactionaries. The anti-Japanese doctrine of the Communist Party of China has won the support of the Chinese people, showing the political vision and historical responsibility of the Communist Party of China.
1934 yearThe Kuomintang reactionaries also carried out a fascist policy in the field of culture, and carried out severe control and crackdown on cultural figures, such as banning the publication and distribution of progressive books, newspapers, magazines, etc., and arresting and killing a number of revolutionary writers, artists, educators, etc. These events had a repressive effect on the national culture of the time. The Kuomintang reactionaries also promoted the so-called"New Life Movement".They have tried to use reactionary ideology and culture to transform the people's thinking and life, such as propagating the "Three People's Principles," "National Spirit," and "National Morality," and imposing "national clothing," "national etiquette," and "national education," so as to suppress the people's national culture and democratic consciousness. The culture of the Kuomintang reactionaries has plunged Chinese culture into a state of atrophy and decay.
1934 yearChina's economic situation is very serious. In that year, the economic policies of the Kuomintang reactionaries led to severe inflation, fiscal deficits, an increase in foreign debt, soaring prices, bankruptcies of peasants, unemployment of workers, and a commercial depression. In this year, the Kuomintang reactionaries were also hit by natural disasters, such as floods in the Yangtze River basin, drought in Henan, and ** in Sichuan, which caused the death and displacement of millions of people. In this year, the Kuomintang reactionaries were also subjected to economic aggression by Japanese imperialism, such as forcibly opening special areas, special markets, and special banks in North China, East China, and South China, and controlling China's important sectors such as finance, industry, and communications. The economic crisis of the Kuomintang reactionaries plunged China's economy into deep predicament and recession.
In contrast to the economic crisis of the Kuomintang reactionaries, the Chinese Communist Party carried out active economic construction in the revolutionary base areas and guerrilla areas. The Communist Party of China has implemented land policies that are in line with the interests of the peasants, such as reducing rents and interest rates, confiscating landlords' land, and implementing equal division of land, thus liberating the peasants' productive forces and improving their living standards. The Communist Party of China has also developed various economic sectors such as handicrafts, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, and established economic organizations such as cooperatives, credit cooperatives, and supply and marketing cooperatives, which have promoted the circulation of commodities and the issuance of currency, and increased economic and fiscal revenues. The economic construction of the Communist Party of China has provided material security and economic foundation for the people in the revolutionary base areas and guerrilla areas.
The year 1934 was a year full of crises and challenges in China's modern history. In the past year, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, despite the great disparity between the enemy and ourselves, displayed an indomitable revolutionary spirit and creative revolutionary tactics, opening up a new road and prospects for China's revolution and history. This year was also a year in which the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people grew up and strengthened in the midst of hardships and hardships, and laid a solid foundation and conditions for China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation. It has left a glorious page in the history of the Chinese nation and made important contributions to world peace and progress.